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arielherself 2024-12-15 16:44:22 +08:00
parent dbee7bed5b
commit 6d72354324
Signed by: arielherself
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11 changed files with 5677 additions and 11 deletions

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// #pragma GCC target("popcnt,lzcnt,abm,bmi,bmi2")
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
template <typename T> struct argument_type;
template <typename T, typename U> struct argument_type<T(U)> { using type = U; };
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937_64 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
// add declarations to avoid cyclic dependency
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream&, pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream&, array<T, N>&);
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const array<T, N>&);
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, const std::tuple<Args...>&);
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const vector<T>&);
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const int128&);
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream& in, array<T, N>& a) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) in >> a[i];
return in;
}
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const array<T, N>& a) {
for (auto&& i : a) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(t, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(argument_type<void(t)>::type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<argument_type<void(t)>::type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
template <typename Container>
inline auto poptop(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.top();
q.pop();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popback(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.back();
q.pop_back();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popfront(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.front();
q.pop_front();
return ret;
}
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
// dynamic modulus
ll qpow(ll b, ll p, ll mod) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
ll half = qpow(b, p / 2, mod);
if (p % 2 == 1) return (int128(half) * half % mod) * b % mod;
else return half * half % mod;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses"
// Accurately find `i` 'th root of `n` (taking the floor)
inline ll root(ll n, ll i) {
ll l = 0, r = pow(LLONG_MAX, ld(1) / i);
while (l < r) {
ll mid = l + r + 1 >> 1;
if (qpow<int128>(mid, i) <= n) {
l = mid;
} else {
r = mid - 1;
}
}
return l;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
__attribute__((target("lzcnt")))
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
template <typename T>
T mygcd(T a, T b) { return b == 0 ? a : mygcd(b, a % b); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
MLL& operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this + rhs; }
MLL& operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this - rhs; }
MLL& operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs; }
MLL& operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this / rhs; }
MLL& operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this % rhs; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) ([&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);})
#define expr(ret, ...) ([&] (__VA_ARGS__) { return (ret); })
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
namespace detail {
template <typename T, std::size_t...Is>
constexpr std::array<T, sizeof...(Is)>
make_array(const T& value, std::index_sequence<Is...>) {
return {{(static_cast<void>(Is), value)...}};
}
}
template <typename T, std::size_t N>
constexpr std::array<T, N> __initarray(const T& value) {
return detail::make_array(value, std::make_index_sequence<N>());
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
using mll = MLL<MDL>;
constexpr int N = 1e6 + 10;
mll fact[N];
void prep() {
fact[0] = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < N; ++i) {
fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i;
}
}
// __attribute__((target("popcnt")))
void solve() {
read(int, n, k);
vector<mll> dp(n + 1);
dp[1] = 1;
deque<mll> q = { 1 };
mll sum = 1;
for (int i = 2; i <= n; ++i) {
if (q.size() > k) {
sum -= popfront(q);
}
dp[i] = fact[i - 2] * sum;
mll curr = dp[i] / fact[i - 1];
q.emplace_back(curr);
sum += curr;
}
mll tot = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
tot += comb(n - 1, i - 1) * dp[i] * fact[n - i];
}
cout << fact[n] - tot << '\n';
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
static_assert(false, "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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// #pragma GCC target("popcnt,lzcnt,abm,bmi,bmi2")
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) \
__(); \
__VA_ARGS__; \
__()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
template <typename T>
struct argument_type;
template <typename T, typename U>
struct argument_type<T(U)>
{
using type = U;
};
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using pil = pair<int, ll>;
using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>;
using pll = pair<ll, ll>;
using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>;
using pdl = pair<ld, ll>;
using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>;
using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>;
using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>;
using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>;
using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>;
using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>;
using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>;
using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>;
using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>;
using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>;
using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>;
using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>;
using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>;
using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>;
using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>;
using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>;
using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>;
using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>;
using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T>
using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T>
using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T>
using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T>
using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937_64 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt
{
bool operator()(const ipair &a, const ipair &b) const
{
if (i1(a) == i1(b))
return i2(a) < i2(b);
else
return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt
{
bool operator()(const ipair &a, const ipair &b) const
{
if (i1(a) == i1(b))
return i2(a) > i2(b);
else
return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) \
if (!(var == val)) \
var = val; \
else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash
{
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x)
{
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const
{
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash
{
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U> &a) const
{
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2)
{
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash
{
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence &arr) const
{
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto &&x : arr)
{
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto &&x : from)++ to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto &&x : from)++ to[x];)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator>
pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last)
{
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto &&x : st)
mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator>
pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last)
{
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto &&x : st)
mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
// add declarations to avoid cyclic dependency
template <typename T, typename U>
istream &operator>>(istream &, pair<T, U> &);
template <typename T, typename U>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &, const pair<T, U> &);
template <typename T, size_t N>
istream &operator>>(istream &, array<T, N> &);
template <typename T, size_t N>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &, const array<T, N> &);
template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits> &, const std::tuple<Args...> &);
template <typename T>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &, const vector<T> &);
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &, const int128 &);
template <typename T, typename U>
istream &operator>>(istream &in, pair<T, U> &p)
{
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const pair<T, U> &p)
{
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template <typename T, size_t N>
istream &operator>>(istream &in, array<T, N> &a)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
in >> a[i];
return in;
}
template <typename T, size_t N>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const array<T, N> &a)
{
for (auto &&i : a)
out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits> &os, const Tuple &t, std::index_sequence<Index...>)
{
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow{0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)...};
}
template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits> &os, const std::tuple<Args...> &t)
{
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template <typename T>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const vector<T> &vec)
{
for (auto &&i : vec)
out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &dest, const int128 &value)
{
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s(dest);
if (s)
{
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[128];
char *d = std::end(buffer);
do
{
--d;
*d = "0123456789"[tmp % 10];
tmp /= 10;
} while (tmp != 0);
if (value < 0)
{
--d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end(buffer) - d;
if (dest.rdbuf()->sputn(d, len) != len)
{
dest.setstate(std::ios_base::badbit);
}
}
return dest;
}
template <typename T>
void __read(T &x) { cin >> x; }
template <typename T, typename... U>
void __read(T &x, U &...args)
{
cin >> x;
__read(args...);
}
#define read(t, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(argument_type<void(t)>::type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a(n); for (auto &x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<argument_type<void(t)>::type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x " = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a " = "; for (auto &&x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
template <typename Container>
inline auto poptop(Container &q)
{
auto ret = q.top();
q.pop();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popback(Container &q)
{
auto ret = q.back();
q.pop_back();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popfront(Container &q)
{
auto ret = q.front();
q.pop_front();
return ret;
}
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p)
{
if (b == 0 and p != 0)
return 0;
if (p == 0)
return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1)
return half * half * b;
else
return half * half;
}
// dynamic modulus
ll qpow(ll b, ll p, ll mod)
{
if (b == 0 and p != 0)
return 0;
if (p == 0)
return 1;
ll half = qpow(b, p / 2, mod);
if (p % 2 == 1)
return (int128(half) * half % mod) * b % mod;
else
return half * half % mod;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses"
// Accurately find `i` 'th root of `n` (taking the floor)
inline ll root(ll n, ll i)
{
ll l = 0, r = pow(LLONG_MAX, ld(1) / i);
while (l < r)
{
ll mid = l + r + 1 >> 1;
if (qpow<int128>(mid, i) <= n)
{
l = mid;
}
else
{
r = mid - 1;
}
}
return l;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
__attribute__((target("lzcnt"))) constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
template <typename T>
T mygcd(T a, T b) { return b == 0 ? a : mygcd(b, a % b); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll &x, ll &y)
{
if (b == 0)
{
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b)
{
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x)
{
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++)
{
if (x % i == 0)
{
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0)
++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1)
{
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N)
{
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++)
{
if (N % i == 0)
{
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0)
N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1)
{
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t)
{ // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
{
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j])
j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j])
j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t)
{ // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i)
{
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second)
{
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
}
else
{
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i])
++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t)
{ // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++)
{
if (lps[i] == sz2)
v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s)
{ // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i)
{
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i)
{
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl>
struct MLL
{
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl> &other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL &lhs, const MLL &rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL &lhs, const MLL &rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL &lhs, const MLL &rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL &lhs, const MLL &rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL &lhs, const MLL &rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL &lhs, const MLL &rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL &lhs, const MLL &rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
MLL &operator+=(const MLL &rhs) { return *this = *this + rhs; }
MLL &operator-=(const MLL &rhs) { return *this = *this - rhs; }
MLL &operator*=(const MLL &rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs; }
MLL &operator/=(const MLL &rhs) { return *this = *this / rhs; }
MLL &operator%=(const MLL &rhs) { return *this = *this % rhs; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const MLL<mdl> &num)
{
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream &operator>>(istream &in, MLL<mdl> &num)
{
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T &lhs, const U &rhs)
{
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret)
{
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T &lhs, const U &rhs)
{
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret)
{
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) ([&](auto &&...val) noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{ return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...); })
#define expr(ret, ...) ([&](__VA_ARGS__) { return (ret); })
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt>
void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor)
{
std::sort(first, last, [&](auto &&a, auto &&b)
{ return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare>
void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp)
{
std::sort(first, last, [&](auto &&a, auto &&b)
{ return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last)
{
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not(a_it == a_last) and not(b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it)
{
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n)
{
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0)
{
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i)
{
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag
{
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T &value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T> &operator++()
{
++value;
return *this;
}
ArithmeticIterator<T> &operator--()
{
--value;
return *this;
}
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T> &rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T>
vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T> &container)
{
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
namespace detail
{
template <typename T, std::size_t... Is>
constexpr std::array<T, sizeof...(Is)>
make_array(const T &value, std::index_sequence<Is...>)
{
return {{(static_cast<void>(Is), value)...}};
}
}
template <typename T, std::size_t N>
constexpr std::array<T, N> __initarray(const T &value)
{
return detail::make_array(value, std::make_index_sequence<N>());
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep()
{
}
// __attribute__((target("popcnt")))
void solve()
{
read(int, n);
readvec(int, a, n);
sort(a.begin(), a.end());
ll res = 0;
{
auto dfs = [&] (auto dfs, int l, int r, int loc) -> void {
if (loc == -1 or l > r) return;
vector<array<int, 2>> trie(1);
auto insert = [&] (int val) {
int curr = 0;
for (int i = 31; ~i; --i) {
int bit = val >> i & 1;
if (not trie[curr][bit]) {
trie[curr][bit] = trie.size();
trie.emplace_back();
}
curr = trie[curr][bit];
}
};
auto query = [&] (int val) {
int curr = 0;
int res = 0;
for (int i = 31; ~i; --i) {
int bit = val >> i & 1;
if (not trie[curr][bit]) {
res xor_eq 1 << i;
curr = trie[curr][1 xor bit];
} else {
curr = trie[curr][bit];
}
}
return res;
};
array<vector<int>, 2> has;
for (int i = l; i <= r; ++i) {
has[a[i] >> loc & 1].emplace_back(a[i]);
}
if (has[0].empty() or has[1].empty()) {
dfs(dfs, l, r, loc - 1);
} else {
for (auto&& x : has[0]) {
insert(x);
}
int curr = INF;
for (auto&& x : has[1]) {
chmin(curr, query(x));
}
res += curr;
dfs(dfs, l, l + has[0].size() - 1, loc - 1);
dfs(dfs, l + has[0].size(), r, loc - 1);
}
};
dfs(dfs, 0, n - 1, 31);
}
cout << res << '\n';
}
int main()
{
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
static_assert(false, "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i)
{
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE))
{
solve();
}
else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE))
{
dump();
}
else
{
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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// #pragma GCC target("popcnt,lzcnt,abm,bmi,bmi2")
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
template <typename T> struct argument_type;
template <typename T, typename U> struct argument_type<T(U)> { using type = U; };
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937_64 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
// add declarations to avoid cyclic dependency
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream&, pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream&, array<T, N>&);
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const array<T, N>&);
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, const std::tuple<Args...>&);
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const vector<T>&);
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const int128&);
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream& in, array<T, N>& a) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) in >> a[i];
return in;
}
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const array<T, N>& a) {
for (auto&& i : a) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(t, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(argument_type<void(t)>::type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<argument_type<void(t)>::type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
template <typename Container>
inline auto poptop(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.top();
q.pop();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popback(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.back();
q.pop_back();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popfront(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.front();
q.pop_front();
return ret;
}
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
// dynamic modulus
ll qpow(ll b, ll p, ll mod) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
ll half = qpow(b, p / 2, mod);
if (p % 2 == 1) return (int128(half) * half % mod) * b % mod;
else return half * half % mod;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses"
// Accurately find `i` 'th root of `n` (taking the floor)
inline ll root(ll n, ll i) {
ll l = 0, r = pow(LLONG_MAX, ld(1) / i);
while (l < r) {
ll mid = l + r + 1 >> 1;
if (qpow<int128>(mid, i) <= n) {
l = mid;
} else {
r = mid - 1;
}
}
return l;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
__attribute__((target("lzcnt")))
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
template <typename T>
T mygcd(T a, T b) { return b == 0 ? a : mygcd(b, a % b); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
MLL& operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this + rhs; }
MLL& operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this - rhs; }
MLL& operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs; }
MLL& operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this / rhs; }
MLL& operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this % rhs; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) ([&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);})
#define expr(ret, ...) ([&] (__VA_ARGS__) { return (ret); })
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
namespace detail {
template <typename T, std::size_t...Is>
constexpr std::array<T, sizeof...(Is)>
make_array(const T& value, std::index_sequence<Is...>) {
return {{(static_cast<void>(Is), value)...}};
}
}
template <typename T, std::size_t N>
constexpr std::array<T, N> __initarray(const T& value) {
return detail::make_array(value, std::make_index_sequence<N>());
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
class quick_union {
public:
size_t n;
vector<size_t> c, sz;
vector<pair<size_t, size_t>> history;
public:
quick_union(size_t n) : n(n), c(n), sz(n) {
iota(c.begin(), c.end(), 0);
sz.assign(n, 1);
}
size_t query(size_t i) {
if (c[i] != i) return query(c[i]);
return c[i];
}
void merge(size_t i, size_t j) {
if (connected(i, j)) {
history.emplace_back(n, n);
} else {
i = query(i), j = query(j);
if (sz[i] > sz[j]) swap(i, j);
history.emplace_back(i, j);
sz[j] += sz[i];
c[i] = j;
}
}
bool connected(size_t i, size_t j) {
return query(i) == query(j);
}
size_t query_size(size_t i) {
return sz[query(i)];
}
void rollback() {
auto [i, j] = popback(history);
if (i == n and j == n) return;
c[i] = i;
sz[j] -= sz[i];
}
};
// __attribute__((target("popcnt")))
void solve() {
read(int, n, m);
readvec((array<int, 3>), edges, m);
vector<int> oc;
for (auto&& [u, v, w] : edges) {
oc.emplace_back(w);
}
sort(oc.begin(), oc.end());
int t = unique(oc.begin(), oc.end()) - oc.begin();
oc.resize(t);
auto get = [&] (int x) { return lower_bound(oc.begin(), oc.end(), x) - oc.begin(); };
read(int, q);
vector<vector<int>> queries(q);
vector<vector<pair<int, vector<int>>>> bk(t);
vector<bool> res(q, 1);
for (int i = 0; i < q; ++i) {
read(int, m);
readvec(int, v, m);
transform(v.begin(), v.end(), v.begin(), expr(idx - 1, auto&& idx));
sort_by_key(v.begin(), v.end(), expr(edges[idx][2], auto&& idx));
vector<pair<int, vector<int>>> grp;
for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) {
if (grp.empty() or edges[v[j]][2] != grp.back().first) {
grp.emplace_back(edges[v[j]][2], vector { v[j] });
} else {
grp.back().second.emplace_back(v[j]);
}
}
for (auto&& [j, vec] : grp) {
bk[get(j)].emplace_back(i, vec);
}
queries[i] = std::move(v);
}
vector<int> idx(m);
iota(idx.begin(), idx.end(), 0);
sort_by_key(idx.begin(), idx.end(), expr(edges[i][2], auto&& i));
int ptr = 0;
quick_union qu(n + 1);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
for (auto&& [idx, vec] : bk[i]) {
int cnt = 0;
for (auto&& ei : vec) {
auto&& [u, v, w] = edges[ei];
assert(w == oc[i]);
if (qu.connected(u, v)) {
res[idx] = 0;
break;
}
qu.merge(u, v);
cnt += 1;
}
while (cnt--) {
qu.rollback();
}
}
int nw = ptr;
while (nw < m and edges[idx[nw]][2] == oc[i]) {
qu.merge(edges[idx[nw]][0], edges[idx[nw]][1]);
nw += 1;
}
// for (auto&& [idx, vec] : bk[i]) {
// if (vec.size() != nw - ptr) {
// res[idx] = 0;
// }
// }
ptr = nw;
}
for (auto&& x : res) {
cout << (x ? "YES" : "NO") << '\n';
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
static_assert(false, "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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// #pragma GCC target("popcnt,lzcnt,abm,bmi,bmi2")
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
template <typename T> struct argument_type;
template <typename T, typename U> struct argument_type<T(U)> { using type = U; };
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937_64 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
// add declarations to avoid cyclic dependency
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream&, pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream&, array<T, N>&);
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const array<T, N>&);
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, const std::tuple<Args...>&);
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const vector<T>&);
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const int128&);
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream& in, array<T, N>& a) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) in >> a[i];
return in;
}
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const array<T, N>& a) {
for (auto&& i : a) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(t, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(argument_type<void(t)>::type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<argument_type<void(t)>::type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
template <typename Container>
inline auto poptop(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.top();
q.pop();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popback(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.back();
q.pop_back();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popfront(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.front();
q.pop_front();
return ret;
}
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
// dynamic modulus
ll qpow(ll b, ll p, ll mod) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
ll half = qpow(b, p / 2, mod);
if (p % 2 == 1) return (int128(half) * half % mod) * b % mod;
else return half * half % mod;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses"
// Accurately find `i` 'th root of `n` (taking the floor)
inline ll root(ll n, ll i) {
ll l = 0, r = pow(LLONG_MAX, ld(1) / i);
while (l < r) {
ll mid = l + r + 1 >> 1;
if (qpow<int128>(mid, i) <= n) {
l = mid;
} else {
r = mid - 1;
}
}
return l;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
__attribute__((target("lzcnt")))
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
template <typename T>
T mygcd(T a, T b) { return b == 0 ? a : mygcd(b, a % b); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
MLL& operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this + rhs; }
MLL& operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this - rhs; }
MLL& operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs; }
MLL& operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this / rhs; }
MLL& operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this % rhs; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) ([&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);})
#define expr(ret, ...) ([&] (__VA_ARGS__) { return (ret); })
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
namespace detail {
template <typename T, std::size_t...Is>
constexpr std::array<T, sizeof...(Is)>
make_array(const T& value, std::index_sequence<Is...>) {
return {{(static_cast<void>(Is), value)...}};
}
}
template <typename T, std::size_t N>
constexpr std::array<T, N> __initarray(const T& value) {
return detail::make_array(value, std::make_index_sequence<N>());
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
template <typename Addable_Info> struct segtree {
using info_type = Addable_Info;
using size_type = size_t;
struct Node {
size_type lson, rson;
info_type info;
};
vector<Node> d;
vector<size_type> version_root;
size_type _max;
void _copy(size_type& virt) {
int o = virt;
virt = d.size();
d.emplace_back();
if (o != 0) d.back() = d[o];
}
explicit segtree(size_type&& _max) : d(1), _max(_max - 1) {
version_root.emplace_back(0);
}
segtree(const vector<info_type>& init) : d(1), _max(init.size() - 1) {
version_root.emplace_back(0);
auto dfs = [&] (auto dfs, size_type s, size_type t, size_type p) -> void {
if (s == t) {
d[p].info = init[s];
return;
}
int m = s + t >> 1;
_copy(d[p].lson), _copy(d[p].rson);
dfs(dfs, s, m, d[p].lson);
dfs(dfs, m + 1, t, d[p].rson);
};
dfs(dfs, 0, _max, version_root[0]);
}
void _set(size_type s, size_type t, size_type p, size_type x, const info_type& c) {
if (s == t) {
d[p].info = c;
return;
}
size_type m = s + (t - s >> 1);
if (x <= m) {
_copy(d[p].lson);
_set(s, m, d[p].lson, x, c);
} else {
_copy(d[p].rson);
_set(m + 1, t, d[p].rson, x, c);
}
d[p].info = d[d[p].lson].info + d[d[p].rson].info;
}
size_type _clone(size_type version) {
d.emplace_back(d[version_root[version]]);
version_root.emplace_back(d.size() - 1);
return version_root.size() - 1;
}
size_type set(size_type version, size_type loc, const info_type& c) {
size_type new_version = _clone(version);
_set(0, _max, version_root[new_version], loc, c);
return new_version;
}
info_type _range_query(size_type s, size_type t, size_type p, size_type l, size_type r) {
if (l <= s and t <= r) {
return d[p].info;
}
size_type m = s + (t - s >> 1);
info_type ret = {};
if (l <= m and d[p].lson != 0) {
ret = ret + _range_query(s, m, d[p].lson, l, r);
}
if (r > m and d[p].rson != 0) {
ret = ret + _range_query(m + 1, t, d[p].rson, l, r);
}
return ret;
}
info_type range_query(size_type version, size_type l, size_type r) {
return _range_query(0, _max, version_root[version], l, r);
}
info_type query(size_type version, size_type loc) {
return range_query(version, loc, loc);
}
};
struct Info {
int val = INF;
};
Info operator+(const Info& lhs, const Info& rhs) {
return { min(lhs.val, rhs.val) };
}
// __attribute__((target("popcnt")))
void solve() {
read(int, n, root);
readvec1(int, a, n);
adj(ch, n);
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) {
read(int, u, v);
edge(ch, u, v);
}
vector<int> dfn(n + 1);
vector<int> sz(n + 1);
vector<vector<int>> layer(n + 1);
vector<int> depth(n + 1);
{
int t = 0;
auto dfs = [&] (auto dfs, int v, int pa) -> void {
dfn[v] = t++;
sz[v] = 1;
depth[v] = depth[pa] + 1;
layer[depth[v]].emplace_back(v);
for (auto&& u : ch[v]) {
if (u == pa) continue;
dfs(dfs, u, v);
sz[v] += sz[u];
}
};
dfs(dfs, root, 0);
}
segtree<Info> tr(n);
vector<int> version(n + 1);
int curr = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
for (auto&& v : layer[i]) {
curr = tr.set(curr, dfn[v], { a[v] });
}
version[i] = curr;
}
read(int, q);
int last = 0;
while (q--) {
read(int, p, q);
int x = (p + last) % n + 1;
int k = (q + last) % n;
last = tr.range_query(version[min(n, depth[x] + k)], dfn[x], dfn[x] + sz[x] - 1).val;
cout << last << '\n';
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
static_assert(false, "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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// #pragma GCC target("popcnt,lzcnt,abm,bmi,bmi2")
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
template <typename T> struct argument_type;
template <typename T, typename U> struct argument_type<T(U)> { using type = U; };
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937_64 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
// add declarations to avoid cyclic dependency
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream&, pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream&, array<T, N>&);
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const array<T, N>&);
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, const std::tuple<Args...>&);
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const vector<T>&);
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const int128&);
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream& in, array<T, N>& a) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) in >> a[i];
return in;
}
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const array<T, N>& a) {
for (auto&& i : a) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(t, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(argument_type<void(t)>::type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<argument_type<void(t)>::type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
template <typename Container>
inline auto poptop(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.top();
q.pop();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popback(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.back();
q.pop_back();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popfront(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.front();
q.pop_front();
return ret;
}
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
// dynamic modulus
ll qpow(ll b, ll p, ll mod) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
ll half = qpow(b, p / 2, mod);
if (p % 2 == 1) return (int128(half) * half % mod) * b % mod;
else return half * half % mod;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses"
// Accurately find `i` 'th root of `n` (taking the floor)
inline ll root(ll n, ll i) {
ll l = 0, r = pow(LLONG_MAX, ld(1) / i);
while (l < r) {
ll mid = l + r + 1 >> 1;
if (qpow<int128>(mid, i) <= n) {
l = mid;
} else {
r = mid - 1;
}
}
return l;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
__attribute__((target("lzcnt")))
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
template <typename T>
T mygcd(T a, T b) { return b == 0 ? a : mygcd(b, a % b); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
MLL& operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this + rhs; }
MLL& operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this - rhs; }
MLL& operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs; }
MLL& operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this / rhs; }
MLL& operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this % rhs; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) ([&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);})
#define expr(ret, ...) ([&] (__VA_ARGS__) { return (ret); })
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
namespace detail {
template <typename T, std::size_t...Is>
constexpr std::array<T, sizeof...(Is)>
make_array(const T& value, std::index_sequence<Is...>) {
return {{(static_cast<void>(Is), value)...}};
}
}
template <typename T, std::size_t N>
constexpr std::array<T, N> __initarray(const T& value) {
return detail::make_array(value, std::make_index_sequence<N>());
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
template<typename Addable_Info_t, typename Tag_t, typename Sequence = std::vector<Addable_Info_t>> class segtree {
private:
using size_type = uint64_t;
using info_type = Addable_Info_t;
using tag_type = Tag_t;
size_type _max;
vector<info_type> d;
vector<tag_type> b;
void pull(size_type p) {
d[p] = d[p * 2] + d[p * 2 + 1];
}
void push(size_type p, size_type left_len, size_type right_len) {
d[p * 2].apply(b[p], left_len), d[p * 2 + 1].apply(b[p], right_len);
b[p * 2].apply(b[p]), b[p * 2 + 1].apply(b[p]);
b[p] = tag_type();
}
void set(size_type s, size_type t, size_type p, size_type x, const info_type& c) {
if (s == t) {
d[p] = c;
return;
}
size_type m = s + (t - s >> 1);
if (s != t) push(p, m - s + 1, t - m);
if (x <= m) set(s, m, p * 2, x, c);
else set(m + 1, t, p * 2 + 1, x, c);
pull(p);
}
void range_apply(size_type s, size_type t, size_type p, size_type l, size_type r, const tag_type& c) {
if (l <= s && t <= r) {
d[p].apply(c, t - s + 1);
b[p].apply(c);
return;
}
size_type m = s + (t - s >> 1);
push(p, m - s + 1, t - m);
if (l <= m) range_apply(s, m, p * 2, l, r, c);
if (r > m) range_apply(m + 1, t, p * 2 + 1, l, r, c);
pull(p);
}
info_type range_query(size_type s, size_type t, size_type p, size_type l, size_type r) {
if (l <= s && t <= r) {
return d[p];
}
size_type m = s + (t - s >> 1);
info_type res = {};
push(p, m - s + 1, t - m);
if (l <= m) res = res + range_query(s, m, p * 2, l, r);
if (r > m) res = res + range_query(m + 1, t, p * 2 + 1, l, r);
return res;
}
void build(const Sequence& a, size_type s, size_type t, size_type p) {
if (s == t) {
d[p] = a[s];
return;
}
int m = s + (t - s >> 1);
build(a, s, m, p * 2);
build(a, m + 1, t, p * 2 + 1);
pull(p);
}
public:
segtree(size_type __max) : d(4 * __max), b(4 * __max), _max(__max - 1) {}
segtree(const Sequence& a) : segtree(a.size()) {
build(a, {}, _max, 1);
}
void set(size_type i, const info_type& c) {
set({}, _max, 1, i, c);
}
void range_apply(size_type l, size_type r, const tag_type& c) {
range_apply({}, _max, 1, l, r, c);
}
void apply(size_type i, const tag_type& c) {
range_apply(i, i, c);
}
info_type range_query(size_type l, size_type r) {
return range_query({}, _max, 1, l, r);
}
info_type query(size_type i) {
return range_query(i, i);
}
Sequence serialize() {
Sequence res = {};
for (size_type i = 0; i <= _max; ++i) {
res.push_back(query(i));
}
return res;
}
const vector<info_type>& get_d() {
return d;
}
};
struct Tag {
void apply(const Tag& rhs) { }
};
struct Info {
ll val = 0;
int cnt = 0;
void apply(const Tag& rhs, size_t len) { }
};
Info operator+(const Info &a, const Info &b) {
return {
.val = a.val + b.val,
.cnt = a.cnt + b.cnt,
};
}
// __attribute__((target("popcnt")))
void solve() {
read(int, n, m);
vector<vector<pii>> e(n + 1);
vector<int> w(n + 1);
for (int i = 2; i <= n; ++i) {
read(int, x);
w[i] = x;
edgew(e, i, i / 2, x);
}
vector<ll> p(n + 1);
vector<int> dfn(n + 1);
vector<int> sz(n + 1);
{
int t = 0;
auto dfs = [&] (auto dfs, int v, int pa) -> void {
dfn[v] = t++;
sz[v] = 1;
for (auto&& [u, w] : e[v]) {
if (u == pa) continue;
p[u] = p[v] + w;
dfs(dfs, u, v);
sz[v] += sz[u];
}
};
dfs(dfs, 1, 0);
}
readvec(pii, q, m);
vector<tuple<ll, int, int>> queries;
vector<Info> ans;
int c = 0;
for (auto&& [v, d] : q) {
ans.emplace_back();
queries.emplace_back(d + 2 * p[v] - p[v], v, c++);
int l = 1;
int u = v xor 1;
while (u > 1) {
ans.emplace_back();
queries.emplace_back(d + 2 * p[u / 2] - p[v], u, c++);
u = u >> 1 xor 1;
l += 1;
}
}
sort(queries.begin(), queries.end());
vector<int> idx(n);
iota(idx.begin(), idx.end(), 1);
sort_by_key(idx.begin(), idx.end(), expr(p[v], int v));
segtree<Info, Tag> tr(n);
int ptr = 0;
for (auto&& v : idx) {
while (ptr < queries.size() and get<0>(queries[ptr]) <= p[v]) {
auto [_, u, idx] = queries[ptr];
ptr += 1;
if (u > n) continue;
Info r = tr.range_query(dfn[u], dfn[u] + sz[u] - 1);
ans[idx] = r;
}
tr.set(dfn[v], {
.val = p[v],
.cnt = 1,
});
}
while (ptr < queries.size()) {
auto [_, u, idx] = queries[ptr];
ptr += 1;
if (u > n) continue;
auto r = tr.range_query(dfn[u], dfn[u] + sz[u] - 1);
ans[idx] = r;
}
c = 0;
for (auto&& [v, d] : q) {
ll res = 0;
{
auto [val, cnt] = ans[c++];
res += ll(1) * cnt * (d + p[v]) - val;
}
int l = 1;
int u = v xor 1;
while (u > 1) {
auto [val, cnt] = ans[c++];
res += cnt * (d - p[v] + 2 * p[u / 2]) - val;
u = u >> 1 xor 1;
l += 1;
}
u = v / 2;
while (u != 0) {
if (p[v] - p[u] < d) {
res += d - p[v] + p[u];
}
u >>= 1;
}
cout << res << '\n';
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
static_assert(false, "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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// #pragma GCC target("popcnt,lzcnt,abm,bmi,bmi2")
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
template <typename T> struct argument_type;
template <typename T, typename U> struct argument_type<T(U)> { using type = U; };
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937_64 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
// add declarations to avoid cyclic dependency
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream&, pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream&, array<T, N>&);
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const array<T, N>&);
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, const std::tuple<Args...>&);
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const vector<T>&);
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const int128&);
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream& in, array<T, N>& a) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) in >> a[i];
return in;
}
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const array<T, N>& a) {
for (auto&& i : a) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(t, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(argument_type<void(t)>::type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<argument_type<void(t)>::type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
template <typename Container>
inline auto poptop(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.top();
q.pop();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popback(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.back();
q.pop_back();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popfront(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.front();
q.pop_front();
return ret;
}
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
// dynamic modulus
ll qpow(ll b, ll p, ll mod) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
ll half = qpow(b, p / 2, mod);
if (p % 2 == 1) return (int128(half) * half % mod) * b % mod;
else return half * half % mod;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses"
// Accurately find `i` 'th root of `n` (taking the floor)
inline ll root(ll n, ll i) {
ll l = 0, r = pow(LLONG_MAX, ld(1) / i);
while (l < r) {
ll mid = l + r + 1 >> 1;
if (qpow<int128>(mid, i) <= n) {
l = mid;
} else {
r = mid - 1;
}
}
return l;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
__attribute__((target("lzcnt")))
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
template <typename T>
T mygcd(T a, T b) { return b == 0 ? a : mygcd(b, a % b); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
MLL& operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this + rhs; }
MLL& operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this - rhs; }
MLL& operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs; }
MLL& operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this / rhs; }
MLL& operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this % rhs; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) ([&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);})
#define expr(ret, ...) ([&] (__VA_ARGS__) { return (ret); })
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
namespace detail {
template <typename T, std::size_t...Is>
constexpr std::array<T, sizeof...(Is)>
make_array(const T& value, std::index_sequence<Is...>) {
return {{(static_cast<void>(Is), value)...}};
}
}
template <typename T, std::size_t N>
constexpr std::array<T, N> __initarray(const T& value) {
return detail::make_array(value, std::make_index_sequence<N>());
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
namespace tarjan {
struct mutex_cond {
int v1; bool cond1;
int v2; bool cond2;
mutex_cond(int v1, bool cond1, int v2, bool cond2) : v1(v1), cond1(cond1), v2(v2), cond2(cond2) {}
};
struct inclusive_cond {
int v1; bool cond1;
int v2; bool cond2;
inclusive_cond(int v1, bool cond1, int v2, bool cond2) : v1(v1), cond1(cond1), v2(v2), cond2(cond2) {}
};
// Returns the mapping between vertices and their affiliated sccs.
vector<int> scc(const vector<vector<int>>& ch) {
int n = ch.size();
int cnt = 0, scn = 0;
vector<int> dfn(n), low(n), vis(n), st;
vector<int> br(n);
auto tarjan = [&] (auto tarjan, int v) -> void {
dfn[v]=low[v]=++cnt;
st.push_back(v);
vis[v]=1;
for(const auto&u:ch[v])
if(!dfn[u]) tarjan(tarjan, u),low[v]=min(low[v],low[u]);
else if(vis[u])low[v]=min(low[v],dfn[u]);
if(dfn[v]==low[v]){
++scn;
int u;
do u=st.back(), st.pop_back(),vis[u]=0,br[u]=scn; while(u!=v);
}
};
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
if (!dfn[i]) {
tarjan(tarjan, i);
}
}
return br;
}
// This method can eliminate redundant edges or self-loops
vector<vector<int>> build_scc(const vector<vector<int>>& ch) {
int n = ch.size();
auto br = scc(ch);
int cnt = *max_element(br.begin(), br.end());
vector<unordered_set<int, safe_hash>> rb(cnt + 1);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
for (auto&& u : ch[i]) {
if (br[i] != br[u]) rb[br[i]].emplace(br[u]);
}
}
vector<vector<int>> res(cnt + 1);
for (int i = 1; i <= cnt; ++i) {
res[i] = vector<int>(rb[i].begin(), rb[i].end());
}
return res;
}
// This method can eliminate redundant edges or self-loops
// return form: (scc size, children of scc)
vector<pair<size_t, vector<int>>> build_scc_with_size(const vector<vector<int>>& ch) {
int n = ch.size();
auto br = scc(ch);
int cnt = *max_element(br.begin(), br.end());
vector<unordered_set<int, safe_hash>> rb(cnt + 1);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
for (auto&& u : ch[i]) {
if (br[i] != br[u]) rb[br[i]].emplace(br[u]);
}
}
vector<pair<size_t, vector<int>>> res(cnt + 1);
for (int i = 1; i <= cnt; ++i) {
res[i].second = vector<int>(rb[i].begin(), rb[i].end());
}
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
res[br[i]].first += 1;
}
return res;
}
// indices start from 1, result has `n` items
optional<vector<bool>> solve_twosat(int n, const vector<mutex_cond>& conditions) {
vector<vector<int>> ch(2 * n + 1);
for (auto&& [v1, cond1, v2, cond2] : conditions) {
ch[(1 ^ cond1) * n + v1].emplace_back(cond2 * n + v2);
ch[(1 ^ cond2) * n + v2].emplace_back(cond1 * n + v1);
}
auto sccno = scc(ch);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
if (sccno[i] == sccno[i + n]) {
return nullopt;
}
}
vector<bool> res;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
if (sccno[i] < sccno[i + n]) {
res.emplace_back(false);
} else {
res.emplace_back(true);
}
}
return res;
};
// indices start from 1, result has `n` items
optional<vector<bool>> solve_twosat(int n, const vector<inclusive_cond>& conditions) {
vector<mutex_cond> trans_conds;
for (auto&& [v1, cond1, v2, cond2] : conditions) {
trans_conds.emplace_back(v1, cond1, v2, not cond2);
}
return solve_twosat(n, trans_conds);
}
// Returns if each vertex is a cut vertex
// All indices start from 1
vector<int> cut_v(const vector<vector<int>>& ch) {
int n = ch.size() - 1;
vector<bool> vis(n + 1);
vector<int> low(n + 1), dfn(n + 1), flag(n + 1);
int cnt = 0;
auto dfs = [&] (auto dfs, int v, int pa) -> void {
vis[v] = 1;
low[v] = dfn[v] = ++cnt;
int child = 0;
for (auto&& u : ch[v]) {
if (not vis[u]) {
++child;
dfs(dfs, u, v);
low[v] = min(low[v], low[u]);
if (pa != v and low[u] >= dfn[v] and not flag[v]) {
flag[v] = 1;
}
} else if (u != pa) {
low[v] = min(low[v], dfn[u]);
}
}
if (pa == v and child >= 2 and not flag[v]) {
flag[v] = 1;
}
};
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
if (not dfn[i]) {
dfs(dfs, i, 0);
}
}
return flag;
}
}
// __attribute__((target("popcnt")))
void solve() {
read(int, n, m);
readvec((array<int, 3>), edges, m);
read(int, s);
vector<int> scn;
{
adj(ch, n);
for (auto&& [u, v, w] : edges) {
Edge(ch, u, v);
}
scn = tarjan::scc(ch);
}
vector<ll> sum = { 0 };
for (int i = 1; sum.back() <= 1e8; ++i) {
sum.emplace_back(ll(i + 1) * i / 2);
}
vector<ll> ps(sum.size());
partial_sum(sum.begin(), sum.end(), ps.begin());
int nn = *max_element(scn.begin(), scn.end());
vector<vector<pii>> e(nn + 1);
vector<int> ind(nn + 1);
vector<ll> pw(nn + 1);
for (auto&& [u, v, w] : edges) {
if (scn[u] != scn[v]) {
Edgew(e, scn[u], scn[v], w);
} else {
int l = upper_bound(sum.begin(), sum.end(), w) - sum.begin() - 1;
pw[scn[v]] += ll(1) * w * (l + 1) - ps[l];
}
}
{
vector<bool> vis(nn + 1);
auto dfs = [&] (auto dfs, int v) -> void {
if (vis[v]) return;
vis[v] = 1;
for (auto&& [u, w] : e[v]) {
ind[u] += 1;
dfs(dfs, u);
}
};
dfs(dfs, scn[s]);
}
vector<ll> dp(nn + 1, -INFLL);
deque<int> q = { scn[s] };
dp[scn[s]] = 0;
while (q.size()) {
int v = popfront(q);
dp[v] += pw[v];
for (auto&& [u, w] : e[v]) {
chmax(dp[u], dp[v] + w);
if (--ind[u] == 0) {
q.emplace_back(u);
}
}
}
cout << *max_element(dp.begin(), dp.end()) << '\n';
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
static_assert(false, "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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// #pragma GCC target("popcnt,lzcnt,abm,bmi,bmi2")
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
template <typename T> struct argument_type;
template <typename T, typename U> struct argument_type<T(U)> { using type = U; };
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937_64 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
// add declarations to avoid cyclic dependency
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream&, pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream&, array<T, N>&);
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const array<T, N>&);
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, const std::tuple<Args...>&);
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const vector<T>&);
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const int128&);
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream& in, array<T, N>& a) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) in >> a[i];
return in;
}
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const array<T, N>& a) {
for (auto&& i : a) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(t, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(argument_type<void(t)>::type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<argument_type<void(t)>::type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
template <typename Container>
inline auto poptop(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.top();
q.pop();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popback(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.back();
q.pop_back();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popfront(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.front();
q.pop_front();
return ret;
}
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
// dynamic modulus
ll qpow(ll b, ll p, ll mod) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
ll half = qpow(b, p / 2, mod);
if (p % 2 == 1) return (int128(half) * half % mod) * b % mod;
else return half * half % mod;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses"
// Accurately find `i` 'th root of `n` (taking the floor)
inline ll root(ll n, ll i) {
ll l = 0, r = pow(LLONG_MAX, ld(1) / i);
while (l < r) {
ll mid = l + r + 1 >> 1;
if (qpow<int128>(mid, i) <= n) {
l = mid;
} else {
r = mid - 1;
}
}
return l;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
__attribute__((target("lzcnt")))
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
template <typename T>
T mygcd(T a, T b) { return b == 0 ? a : mygcd(b, a % b); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
MLL& operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this + rhs; }
MLL& operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this - rhs; }
MLL& operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs; }
MLL& operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this / rhs; }
MLL& operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this % rhs; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) ([&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);})
#define expr(ret, ...) ([&] (__VA_ARGS__) { return (ret); })
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
namespace detail {
template <typename T, std::size_t...Is>
constexpr std::array<T, sizeof...(Is)>
make_array(const T& value, std::index_sequence<Is...>) {
return {{(static_cast<void>(Is), value)...}};
}
}
template <typename T, std::size_t N>
constexpr std::array<T, N> __initarray(const T& value) {
return detail::make_array(value, std::make_index_sequence<N>());
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
template<typename Addable_Info_t, typename Tag_t, typename Sequence = std::vector<Addable_Info_t>> class segtree {
private:
using size_type = uint64_t;
using info_type = Addable_Info_t;
using tag_type = Tag_t;
size_type _max;
vector<info_type> d;
vector<tag_type> b;
void pull(size_type p) {
d[p] = d[p * 2] + d[p * 2 + 1];
}
void push(size_type p, size_type left_len, size_type right_len) {
d[p * 2].apply(b[p], left_len), d[p * 2 + 1].apply(b[p], right_len);
b[p * 2].apply(b[p]), b[p * 2 + 1].apply(b[p]);
b[p] = tag_type();
}
void set(size_type s, size_type t, size_type p, size_type x, const info_type& c) {
if (s == t) {
d[p] = c;
return;
}
size_type m = s + (t - s >> 1);
if (s != t) push(p, m - s + 1, t - m);
if (x <= m) set(s, m, p * 2, x, c);
else set(m + 1, t, p * 2 + 1, x, c);
pull(p);
}
void range_apply(size_type s, size_type t, size_type p, size_type l, size_type r, const tag_type& c) {
if (l <= s && t <= r) {
d[p].apply(c, t - s + 1);
b[p].apply(c);
return;
}
size_type m = s + (t - s >> 1);
push(p, m - s + 1, t - m);
if (l <= m) range_apply(s, m, p * 2, l, r, c);
if (r > m) range_apply(m + 1, t, p * 2 + 1, l, r, c);
pull(p);
}
info_type range_query(size_type s, size_type t, size_type p, size_type l, size_type r) {
if (l <= s && t <= r) {
return d[p];
}
size_type m = s + (t - s >> 1);
info_type res = {};
push(p, m - s + 1, t - m);
if (l <= m) res = res + range_query(s, m, p * 2, l, r);
if (r > m) res = res + range_query(m + 1, t, p * 2 + 1, l, r);
return res;
}
void build(const Sequence& a, size_type s, size_type t, size_type p) {
if (s == t) {
d[p] = a[s];
return;
}
int m = s + (t - s >> 1);
build(a, s, m, p * 2);
build(a, m + 1, t, p * 2 + 1);
pull(p);
}
public:
segtree(size_type __max) : d(4 * __max), b(4 * __max), _max(__max - 1) {}
segtree(const Sequence& a) : segtree(a.size()) {
build(a, {}, _max, 1);
}
void set(size_type i, const info_type& c) {
set({}, _max, 1, i, c);
}
void range_apply(size_type l, size_type r, const tag_type& c) {
range_apply({}, _max, 1, l, r, c);
}
void apply(size_type i, const tag_type& c) {
range_apply(i, i, c);
}
info_type range_query(size_type l, size_type r) {
return range_query({}, _max, 1, l, r);
}
info_type query(size_type i) {
return range_query(i, i);
}
Sequence serialize() {
Sequence res = {};
for (size_type i = 0; i <= _max; ++i) {
res.push_back(query(i));
}
return res;
}
const vector<info_type>& get_d() {
return d;
}
};
struct Tag {
ld mul = 1;
ld add = 0;
void apply(const Tag& rhs) {
add *= rhs.mul;
mul *= rhs.mul;
add += rhs.add;
}
};
struct Info {
ld val = 0;
void apply(const Tag& rhs, size_t len) {
val = val * rhs.mul + len * rhs.add;
}
};
Info operator+(const Info &a, const Info &b) {
return {a.val + b.val};
}
// __attribute__((target("popcnt")))
void solve() {
read(int, n, q);
readvec(int, a, n);
segtree<Info, Tag> tr(n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
tr.set(i, { ld(a[i]) });
}
cout << fixed << setprecision(50);
while (q--) {
read(int, type);
if (type == 1) {
read(int, l1, r1, l2, r2);
--l1, --r1, --l2, --r2;
ld left = tr.range_query(l1, r1).val;
ld right = tr.range_query(l2, r2).val;
tr.range_apply(l1, r1, {
.mul = ld(1) * (r1 - l1) / (r1 - l1 + 1),
.add = ld(1) / (r1 - l1 + 1) * right / (r2 - l2 + 1),
});
tr.range_apply(l2, r2, {
.mul = ld(1) * (r2 - l2) / (r2 - l2 + 1),
.add = ld(1) / (r2 - l2 + 1) * left / (r1 - l1 + 1),
});
} else {
read(int, l, r);
--l, --r;
cout << tr.range_query(l, r).val << '\n';
}
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
static_assert(false, "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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// #pragma GCC target("popcnt,lzcnt,abm,bmi,bmi2")
// #pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
template <typename T> struct argument_type;
template <typename T, typename U> struct argument_type<T(U)> { using type = U; };
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937_64 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
// add declarations to avoid cyclic dependency
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream&, pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const pair<T, U>&);
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream&, array<T, N>&);
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const array<T, N>&);
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, const std::tuple<Args...>&);
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const vector<T>&);
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const int128&);
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename T, size_t N> istream& operator>>(istream& in, array<T, N>& a) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) in >> a[i];
return in;
}
template <typename T, size_t N> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const array<T, N>& a) {
for (auto&& i : a) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(t, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(argument_type<void(t)>::type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(t, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<argument_type<void(t)>::type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<argument_type<void(t)>::type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
template <typename Container>
inline auto poptop(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.top();
q.pop();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popback(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.back();
q.pop_back();
return ret;
}
template <typename Container>
inline auto popfront(Container& q) {
auto ret = q.front();
q.pop_front();
return ret;
}
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
// dynamic modulus
ll qpow(ll b, ll p, ll mod) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
ll half = qpow(b, p / 2, mod);
if (p % 2 == 1) return (int128(half) * half % mod) * b % mod;
else return half * half % mod;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses"
// Accurately find `i` 'th root of `n` (taking the floor)
inline ll root(ll n, ll i) {
ll l = 0, r = pow(LLONG_MAX, ld(1) / i);
while (l < r) {
ll mid = l + r + 1 >> 1;
if (qpow<int128>(mid, i) <= n) {
l = mid;
} else {
r = mid - 1;
}
}
return l;
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
__attribute__((target("lzcnt")))
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
template <typename T>
T mygcd(T a, T b) { return b == 0 ? a : mygcd(b, a % b); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
MLL& operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this + rhs; }
MLL& operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this - rhs; }
MLL& operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs; }
MLL& operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this / rhs; }
MLL& operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { return *this = *this % rhs; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) ([&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);})
#define expr(ret, ...) ([&] (__VA_ARGS__) { return (ret); })
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
namespace detail {
template <typename T, std::size_t...Is>
constexpr std::array<T, sizeof...(Is)>
make_array(const T& value, std::index_sequence<Is...>) {
return {{(static_cast<void>(Is), value)...}};
}
}
template <typename T, std::size_t N>
constexpr std::array<T, N> __initarray(const T& value) {
return detail::make_array(value, std::make_index_sequence<N>());
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
template <typename Addable_Info> struct segtree {
using info_type = Addable_Info;
using size_type = size_t;
struct Node {
size_type lson, rson;
info_type info;
};
vector<Node> d;
vector<size_type> version_root;
size_type _max;
void _copy(size_type& virt) {
int o = virt;
virt = d.size();
d.emplace_back();
if (o != 0) d.back() = d[o];
}
explicit segtree(size_type&& _max) : d(1), _max(_max - 1) {
version_root.emplace_back(0);
}
segtree(const vector<info_type>& init) : d(1), _max(init.size() - 1) {
version_root.emplace_back(0);
auto dfs = [&] (auto dfs, size_type s, size_type t, size_type p) -> void {
if (s == t) {
d[p].info = init[s];
return;
}
int m = s + t >> 1;
_copy(d[p].lson), _copy(d[p].rson);
dfs(dfs, s, m, d[p].lson);
dfs(dfs, m + 1, t, d[p].rson);
};
dfs(dfs, 0, _max, version_root[0]);
}
void _set(size_type s, size_type t, size_type p, size_type x, const info_type& c) {
if (s == t) {
d[p].info = c;
return;
}
size_type m = s + (t - s >> 1);
if (x <= m) {
_copy(d[p].lson);
_set(s, m, d[p].lson, x, c);
} else {
_copy(d[p].rson);
_set(m + 1, t, d[p].rson, x, c);
}
}
size_type _clone(size_type version) {
d.emplace_back(d[version_root[version]]);
version_root.emplace_back(d.size() - 1);
return version_root.size() - 1;
}
size_type set(size_type version, size_type loc, const info_type& c) {
size_type new_version = _clone(version);
_set(0, _max, version_root[new_version], loc, c);
return new_version;
}
info_type _range_query(size_type s, size_type t, size_type p, size_type l, size_type r) {
if (l <= s and t <= r) {
return d[p].info;
}
size_type m = s + (t - s >> 1);
info_type ret = {};
if (l <= m and d[p].lson != 0) {
ret = ret + _range_query(s, m, d[p].lson, l, r);
}
if (r > m and d[p].rson != 0) {
ret = ret + _range_query(m + 1, t, d[p].rson, l, r);
}
return ret;
}
info_type range_query(size_type version, size_type l, size_type r) {
return _range_query(0, _max, version_root[version], l, r);
}
info_type query(size_type version, size_type loc) {
return range_query(version, loc, loc);
}
};
struct Info {
int val;
};
Info operator+(const Info& lhs, const Info& rhs) {
return { lhs.val + rhs.val };
}
// __attribute__((target("popcnt")))
void solve() {
read(int, n, m);
readvec(int, a, n);
segtree<int> tr(a);
vector<int> ver(m + 1);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
ver[0] = tr.set(ver[0], i, { a[i] });
}
for (int i = 1; i <= m; ++i) {
read(int, v, op, idx);
--idx;
if (op == 1) {
read(int, val);
ver[i] = tr.set(ver[v], idx, val);
} else {
cout << tr.query(ver[v], idx) << '\n';
ver[i] = ver[v];
}
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
static_assert(false, "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

View File

@ -1,6 +1,2 @@
3 4
1000 1000 1000 1 1 2 3 4
***
***
***
***

View File

@ -537,7 +537,6 @@ void prep() {
// __attribute__((target("popcnt"))) // __attribute__((target("popcnt")))
void solve() { void solve() {
int a = 1 + 2 >> 2;
} }
int main() { int main() {

View File

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import io
PRIME = 998_244_353 PRIME = 998_244_353
if __name__ == '__main__': if __name__ == '__main__':
N = 1000 N = 10 ** 6
print(N) print(N, N)
print(*([1000] * 4)) print(*(f'{randint(1, N)} {randint(1, N)} {randint(0, 10 ** 8)}' for _ in range(N)))
print(*(''.join((choice(('*', '.')) for _ in range(N))) for _ in range(4))) print(randint(1, N))