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subcrip 2024-03-26 15:00:37 +08:00
parent 4a0b0470f5
commit b39be7ee58
Signed by: subcrip
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7 changed files with 1690 additions and 4 deletions

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#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/**
* Useful Macros
* by subcrip
* (requires C++17)
*/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) decltype(container)::value_type
/* type aliases */
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using pil = pair<int, ll>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>;
using pll = pair<ll, ll>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (int i = 0; i < (n); ++i) cin >> a[i];)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(for (auto&& x : a) cout << x << ' '; cout << endl;)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// #define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 512
void dump() {}
void prep() {}
void solve() {
read(int, n, m, k, d);
readvec(ll, a, n);
if (m == 0) {
cout << accumulate(a.begin(), a.end(), 0LL) << '\n';
return;
}
sort(a.rbegin(), a.rend()); // 从大到小排序
vector<ll> ps(n + 1);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
ps[i] = ps[i - 1] + a[i - 1]; // 前缀和
}
ll res = LLONG_MIN;
for (int i = 0; i <= d && i <= n; ++i) { // i 表示删掉若干最大元素之后的起始坐标
int last_pos = min(n, i + m); // Bob 删除一些元素之后的下一个位置
res = max(res, (ps[last_pos] - ps[i]) * (-k) + ps[n] - ps[last_pos]);
// debug(res);
}
cout << res << '\n';
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201703L || defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie, cout.tie(NULL);
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
solve();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/**
* Useful Macros
* by subcrip
* (requires C++17)
*/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) decltype(container)::value_type
/* type aliases */
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using pil = pair<int, ll>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>;
using pll = pair<ll, ll>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (int i = 0; i < (n); ++i) cin >> a[i];)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(for (auto&& x : a) cout << x << ' '; cout << endl;)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 512
void dump() {}
void prep() {}
void solve() {
read(ll, n, k);
vector<pair<char, ll>> events;
char c;
char curr = 0;
ll curr_cnt = 0;
bool cnt = false;
while (cin >> c) {
// debug(int(c));
if (!cnt) {
if (c == '(') {
cnt = true;
curr_cnt = 0;
} else {
if (curr) events.emplace_back(curr, 1);
curr = c;
}
} else {
if (c == ')') {
events.emplace_back(curr, curr_cnt);
cnt = false;
curr = 0;
} else {
curr_cnt = curr_cnt * 10 + c - 48;
}
}
}
if (curr) events.emplace_back(curr, 1);
ll prev_cnt = 0;
unordered_set<char, safe_hash> prev_types;
ll res = 0;
for (auto&& [c, cc] : events) {
// debug(prev_cnt), debug(cc), debugvec(prev_types);
int if_add = !prev_types.count(c);
if (prev_cnt + cc >= (k + prev_types.size() + if_add - 1) / (prev_types.size() + if_add)) {
res += 1;
ll use = max(size_t(if_add), (k + prev_types.size() + if_add - 1) / (prev_types.size() + if_add) - prev_cnt);
// debug(use);
prev_types.clear();
prev_cnt = 0;
cc -= use;
}
// debug(cc), debug(k);
res += cc / k;
// debug(res);
prev_cnt += cc % k;
if (cc % k) prev_types.insert(c);
}
if (!res && prev_cnt) {
cout << -1 << endl;
return;
}
cout << res << endl;
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201703L || defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie, cout.tie(NULL);
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
solve();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/**
* Useful Macros
* by subcrip
* (requires C++17)
*/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) decltype(container)::value_type
/* type aliases */
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using pil = pair<int, ll>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>;
using pll = pair<ll, ll>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (int i = 0; i < (n); ++i) cin >> a[i];)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(for (auto&& x : a) cout << x << ' '; cout << endl;)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 512
void dump() {}
void prep() {}
struct LCA {
vector<int> depth;
vector<vector<int>> pa;
LCA(const vector<vector<int>>& g, int root = 1) {
int n = g.size() - 1;
int m = 32 - __builtin_clz(n);
depth.resize(n + 1);
pa.resize(n + 1, vector<int>(m, -1));
function<void(int, int)> dfs = [&](int x, int fa) {
pa[x][0] = fa;
for (int y: g[x]) {
if (y != fa) {
depth[y] = depth[x] + 1;
dfs(y, x);
}
}
};
dfs(root, 0);
for (int i = 0; i < m - 1; i++)
for (int x = 1; x <= n; x++)
if (int p = pa[x][i]; p != -1)
pa[x][i + 1] = pa[p][i];
}
int get_kth_ancestor(int node, int k) {
for (; k; k &= k - 1)
node = pa[node][__builtin_ctz(k)];
return node;
}
int query(int x, int y) {
if (depth[x] > depth[y])
swap(x, y);
y = get_kth_ancestor(y, depth[y] - depth[x]);
if (y == x)
return x;
for (int i = pa[x].size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
int px = pa[x][i], py = pa[y][i];
if (px != py) {
x = px;
y = py;
}
}
return pa[x][0];
}
};
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL operator+(const MLL& rhs) { return mod(val + rhs.val, mdl); }
MLL operator-(const MLL& rhs) { return mod(val - rhs.val, mdl); }
MLL operator*(const MLL& rhs) { return mod(val * rhs.val, mdl); }
MLL operator/(const MLL& rhs) { return mod(val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
MLL operator%(const MLL& rhs) { return mod(val - (*this / rhs).val, mdl); }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
void solve() {
read(int, n);
adj(ch, n);
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) {
read(int, u, v);
edge(ch, u, v);
}
LCA lca(ch);
vector<MLL<MDL>> dgl(n + 1);
vector<int> father(n + 1);
auto dfs = [&] (auto dfs, int v, int pa, MLL<MDL> acc) -> void {
father[v] = pa;
acc *= max(1UL, ch[v].size() - 1);
dgl[v] = acc;
for (auto&& u : ch[v]) {
if (u == pa) continue;
dfs(dfs, u, v, acc);
}
};
dfs(dfs, 1, 0, 1);
// debug(dgl);
read(int, q);
while (q--) {
read(int, u, v);
int p = lca.query(u, v);
MLL up_exclude = p == 1 ? 1 : dgl[father[p]];
MLL res = dgl[v] / up_exclude * dgl[u] / up_exclude / max(1UL, ch[v].size() - 1) / max(1UL, ch[u].size() - 1) * ch[u].size() / max(1UL, ch[p].size() - 1);
// debug(res);
cout << (( MLL<MDL>(1) ) / res).val << '\n';
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201703L || defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie, cout.tie(NULL);
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
solve();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/**
* Useful Macros
* by subcrip
* (requires C++17)
*/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) decltype(container)::value_type
/* type aliases */
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using pil = pair<int, ll>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>;
using pll = pair<ll, ll>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (int i = 0; i < (n); ++i) cin >> a[i];)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(for (auto&& x : a) cout << x << ' '; cout << endl;)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 512
void dump() {}
void prep() {}
static vector<ll> power1, power2;
static const ll b = rd();
static const ll INV1 = inverse(b, MDL1);
static const ll INV2 = inverse(b, MDL2);
template <typename _Tp, typename _Sequence = deque<_Tp>>
struct hash_deque {
using hash_type = pll;
ll hash1, hash2;
_Sequence seq;
size_t size() {
return seq.size();
}
void push_back(const _Tp& x) {
hash1 = mod(mod(hash1 * b, MDL1) + mod(x, MDL1), MDL1);
hash2 = mod(mod(hash2 * b, MDL2) + mod(x, MDL2), MDL2);
seq.push_back(x);
}
void push_front(const _Tp& x) {
size_t length = size();
hash1 = mod(hash1 + mod(mod(x, MDL1) * power1[length], MDL1), MDL1);
hash2 = mod(hash2 + mod(mod(x, MDL2) * power2[length], MDL2), MDL2);
seq.push_front(x);
}
void pop_back() {
_Tp e = seq.back(); seq.pop_back();
hash1 = mod(mod(hash1 - mod(e, MDL1), MDL1) * INV1, MDL1);
hash2 = mod(mod(hash2 - mod(e, MDL2), MDL2) * INV2, MDL2);
}
void pop_front() {
_Tp e = seq.front(); seq.pop_front();
int length = seq.size();
hash1 = mod(hash1 - mod(e * power1[length], MDL1), MDL1);
hash2 = mod(hash2 - mod(e * power2[length], MDL2), MDL2);
}
hash_type hash() {
return {hash1, hash2};
}
void clear() {
hash1 = hash2 = 0;
seq.clear();
}
hash_deque(size_t maxn) {
clear();
int c1 = 1, c2 = 1;
for (int i = power1.size(); i < maxn; ++i) {
power1.push_back(c1);
power2.push_back(c2);
c1 = mod(c1 * b, MDL1);
c2 = mod(c2 * b, MDL2);
}
}
};
void solve() {
using hash_t = hash_deque<char>::hash_type;
read(int, m, n);
read(string, a, b);
hash_deque<char> q(5010);;
unordered_set<hash_t, pair_hash> res;
for (int i = 0; i + n <= m; ++i) {
int cnt = 0;
q.clear();
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
cnt ^= a[i + j] != b[j];
q.push_back(a[i + j]);
}
if (cnt == 0) {
res.insert(q.hash());
}
}
cout << res.size() << '\n';
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201703L || defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie, cout.tie(NULL);
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
solve();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

373
src/bin/codefun-1738.cc Normal file
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#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/**
* Useful Macros
* by subcrip
* (requires C++17)
*/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) decltype(container)::value_type
/* type aliases */
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using pil = pair<int, ll>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>;
using pll = pair<ll, ll>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (int i = 0; i < (n); ++i) cin >> a[i];)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(for (auto&& x : a) cout << x << ' '; cout << endl;)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 512
void dump() {}
void prep() {}
struct LCA {
vector<int> depth;
vector<vector<int>> pa;
LCA(const vector<vector<int>>& g, int root = 1) {
int n = g.size() - 1;
int m = 32 - __builtin_clz(n);
depth.resize(n + 1);
pa.resize(n + 1, vector<int>(m, -1));
function<void(int, int)> dfs = [&](int x, int fa) {
pa[x][0] = fa;
for (int y: g[x]) {
if (y != fa) {
depth[y] = depth[x] + 1;
dfs(y, x);
}
}
};
dfs(root, 0);
for (int i = 0; i < m - 1; i++)
for (int x = 1; x <= n; x++)
if (int p = pa[x][i]; p != -1)
pa[x][i + 1] = pa[p][i];
}
int get_kth_ancestor(int node, int k) {
for (; k; k &= k - 1)
node = pa[node][__builtin_ctz(k)];
return node;
}
int query(int x, int y) {
if (depth[x] > depth[y])
swap(x, y);
y = get_kth_ancestor(y, depth[y] - depth[x]);
if (y == x)
return x;
for (int i = pa[x].size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
int px = pa[x][i], py = pa[y][i];
if (px != py) {
x = px;
y = py;
}
}
return pa[x][0];
}
};
void solve() {
read(int, n, m);
adj(ch, n);
adj(ch_rev, n);
vector<int> ind(n + 1), ind_rev(n + 1);
while (m--) {
read(int, u, v);
Edge(ch, u, v);
Edge(ch_rev, v, u);
ind[v] += 1;
ind_rev[u] += 1;
}
auto work = [&] (vector<vector<int>>& ch, vector<int>& ind) -> vector<int> {
vector<vector<int>> tr;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
if (ind[i] == 0) tr[0].push_back(i);
}
vector<bool> vis(n + 1);
vector<int> father(n + 1);
auto get_tr = [&] (auto get_tr, int v, int pa) -> void {
father[v] = pa;
vis[v] = 1;
for (auto&& u : ch[v]) {
if (!vis[u]) {
tr[v].push_back(u);
tr[u].push_back(v);
get_tr(get_tr, u, v);
}
}
};
LCA lca(tr);
get_tr(get_tr, 0, 0);
vector<int> res(n + 1);
deque<int> q;
q.push_back(0);
while (q.size()) {
int v = q.front(); q.pop_front();
for (auto&& u : ch[v]) {
if (father[u] == v) {
res[u] += res[v] + 1;
} else {
res[u] += res[v] + 1 - res[lca.query(u, v)];
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
res[i] -= 1;
}
return res;
};
vector<int> forward = work(ch, ind), backward = work(ch_rev, ind_rev);
int res = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
if (forward[i] + backward[i] + 1 == n) {
res += 1;
}
}
cout << res << '\n';
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201703L || defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie, cout.tie(NULL);
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
solve();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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3 7 7
3 1 2 5 1 2
3 2 3 4 2 3
2 3 1 3 4
4 7
2 5
5 4
6 4