This commit is contained in:
subcrip 2024-07-13 00:55:25 +08:00
parent 25a694e63d
commit da24f0bc55
Signed by: subcrip
SSH Key Fingerprint: SHA256:dFPFi68d8C87YkFkEBU4TkcrYRySWpekRR1hbnDWUCw
14 changed files with 5608 additions and 81 deletions

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#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-const-variable"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wreorder"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlogical-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) [&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
template <typename T, size_t N>
array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
array<T, N> res;
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
res[i] = init;
}
return res;
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
void solve() {
read(int, n);
readvec(ll, a, n);
ll s = accumulate(a.begin(), a.end(), ll(0));
int f = 0;
for (ll k = 0; k < n; ++k) {
ll y = k + s - ll(1) * n * (n - 1) / 2;
if (y >= 0 and y % n == 0) {
if (f == 0) {
f = 1;
ll i = y / n;
for (int j = 0; j < n - k; ++j) {
cout << i + j << ' ';
}
for (int j = 0; j < k; ++j) {
cout << i + n - k - 1 + j << ' ';
}
cout << endl;
} else {
exit(825);
}
}
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-const-variable"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wreorder"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlogical-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) [&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
template <typename T, size_t N>
array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
array<T, N> res;
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
res[i] = init;
}
return res;
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
void solve() {
read(int, n, pistol, laser, awp, d);
readvec1(int, a, n);
vector dp(n + 1, array<ll, 2>());
dp[0][0] = -d;
dp[0][1] = INF;
ll res = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
ll to_1 = min(ll(1) * laser, ll(1) * min(pistol, awp) * a[i] + pistol);
ll to_0 = ll(1) * min(pistol, awp) * a[i] + awp;
ll ending = min(awp, min(pistol, laser));
dp[i][1] = min(dp[i - 1][0] + d + to_1, dp[i - 1][1] + d + to_1 + d + ending + d);
dp[i][0] = min(min(dp[i - 1][0] + d + to_0, dp[i - 1][0] + d + to_1 + 2 * d + ending), min(dp[i - 1][1] + d + to_0 + d + ending + d, dp[i - 1][1] + d + to_1 + d + ending + d + ending));
if (i == n) {
// debug(dp[i - 1][0] + d + to_0);
// debug(dp[i - 1][0] + d + to_1 + 2 * d + ending);
// debug(dp[i - 1][1] + d + to_0 + d + ending);
// debug(dp[i - 1][1] + d + to_1 + ending + d + ending);
res = min(min(dp[i - 1][0] + d + to_0, dp[i - 1][0] + d + to_1 + 2 * d + ending), min(dp[i - 1][1] + d + to_0 + d + ending, dp[i - 1][1] + d + to_1 + d + ending + d + ending));
}
// deb(dp[i][0], dp[i][1]);
}
cout << res << '\n';
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-const-variable"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wreorder"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlogical-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) [&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
template <typename T, size_t N>
array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
array<T, N> res;
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
res[i] = init;
}
return res;
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
void solve() {
read(int, n);
set<pii, greater<>> primary, candidates;
set<int, greater<>> regular_candidates;
int curr = 0;
int r = 0;
ll sum = 0;
ll res = 0;
while (n--) {
read(int, tp, d);
sum += d;
if (d < 0) {
curr -= tp;
if (primary.count({-d, tp})) {
primary.erase({-d, tp});
res += d;
r -= tp;
} else {
candidates.erase({-d, tp});
if (tp == 0) {
regular_candidates.erase(-d);
}
}
} else {
curr += tp;
candidates.emplace(d, tp);
if (tp == 0) {
regular_candidates.emplace(d);
}
}
if (candidates.size() and primary.size() < curr) {
auto it = candidates.begin();
primary.emplace(*it);
res += it->first;
r += it->second;
if (it->second == 0) {
regular_candidates.erase(it->first);
}
candidates.erase(it);
}
if (primary.size() == curr and curr != 0 and candidates.size() and candidates.begin()->first > primary.rbegin()->first) {
auto out = prev(primary.end());
res -= out->first;
r -= out->second;
candidates.emplace(*out);
if (out->second == 0) {
regular_candidates.emplace(out->first);
}
primary.erase(out);
auto in = candidates.begin();
res += in->first;
r += in->second;
primary.emplace(*in);
if (in->second == 0) {
regular_candidates.erase(in->first);
}
candidates.erase(in);
}
if (primary.size() > curr) {
auto out = prev(primary.end());
res -= out->first;
r -= out->second;
candidates.emplace(*out);
if (out->second == 0) {
regular_candidates.emplace(out->first);
}
primary.erase(out);
}
// deb(r, curr);
if (r == curr and curr > 0) {
auto out = prev(primary.end());
res -= out->first;
r -= out->second;
candidates.emplace(*out);
if (out->second == 0) {
regular_candidates.emplace(out->first);
}
primary.erase(out);
if (regular_candidates.size()) {
auto in = regular_candidates.begin();
res += *in;
primary.emplace(*in, 0);
candidates.erase({*in, 0});
regular_candidates.erase(*in);
}
}
// deb(r, curr);
// debugvec(primary);
// debugvec(candidates);
// debugvec(regular_candidates);
cout << res + sum << '\n';
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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src/bin/cf-1404c.cc Normal file
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#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-const-variable"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wreorder"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlogical-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) [&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
template <typename T, size_t N>
array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
array<T, N> res;
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
res[i] = init;
}
return res;
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
void solve() {
read(int, n, q);
vector<int> a;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
read(int, x);
a.emplace_back(max(0, i - x + 1));
}
debug(a);
vector<int> pos(n + 1, n);
vector<int> nxt(n + 1, n);
int m = lg2(n) + 1;
vector f(n + 1, vector<int>(m + 1, n));
for (int i = n - 1; ~i; --i) {
f[i][0] = pos[a[i] + 1];
for (int j = 1; (1 << j) <= m; ++j) {
f[i][1 << j] = f[f[i][1 << j - 1]][j - 1];
}
pos[a[i]] = i;
if (a[i] == 0) {
nxt[i] = i;
} else {
nxt[i] = nxt[i + 1];
}
}
while (q--) {
read(int, x, y);
int l = x, r = n - 1 - y;
int res = 1;
int curr = nxt[l];
if (curr > r) {
cout << 0 << '\n';
continue;
}
while (1) {
int left = 0, right = m;
while (left < right) {
int mid = left + right + 1 >> 1;
deb(curr, mid);
if (f[curr][mid] <= r) {
left = mid;
} else {
right = mid - 1;
}
}
if (f[curr][left] <= r) {
res += 1 << left;
curr = f[curr][left];
} else {
break;
}
}
cout << res << '\n';
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-const-variable"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wreorder"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlogical-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) [&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
template <typename T, size_t N>
array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
array<T, N> res;
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
res[i] = init;
}
return res;
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
class quick_union {
private:
vector<size_t> c, sz;
public:
quick_union(size_t n) : c(n), sz(n) {
iota(c.begin(), c.end(), 0);
sz.assign(n, 1);
}
size_t query(size_t i) {
if (c[i] != i) c[i] = query(c[i]);
return c[i];
}
void merge(size_t i, size_t j) {
if (connected(i, j)) return;
sz[query(j)] += sz[query(i)];
c[query(i)] = query(j);
}
bool connected(size_t i, size_t j) {
return query(i) == query(j);
}
size_t query_size(size_t i) {
return sz[query(i)];
}
};
void solve() {
read(int, m, n);
readvec(int, a, m);
readvec(int, b, n);
ll tot = 0;
vector<tiii> edges;
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
read(int, t);
while (t--) {
read(int, x);
edges.emplace_back(i, m + x - 1, a[i] + b[x - 1]);
tot += a[i] + b[x - 1];
}
}
sort_by_key(edges.begin(), edges.end(), [] (const tiii& t) { return -get<2>(t); });
quick_union qu(m + n);
ll mx = 0;
for (auto&& [u, v, w] : edges) {
if (qu.connected(u, v)) continue;
qu.merge(u, v);
mx += w;
}
cout << tot - mx << '\n';
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-const-variable"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wreorder"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlogical-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) [&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
template <typename T, size_t N>
array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
array<T, N> res;
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
res[i] = init;
}
return res;
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
void solve() {
read(int, n);
int m = 1 << msp(n);
int t = msp(n);;
vector<pii> res;
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
int step = 1 << i;
vector<bool> vis(n);
for (int j = 0; j + step < m; ++j) {
if (vis[j]) continue;
vis[j] = vis[j + step] = 1;
res.emplace_back(j + 1, j + step + 1);
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
int step = 1 << i;
vector<bool> vis(n);
for (int j = n - 1; j - step > n - 1 - m; --j) {
if (vis[j]) continue;
vis[j] = vis[j - step] = 1;
res.emplace_back(j + 1, j - step + 1);
}
}
cout << res.size() << '\n';
for (auto&& [i, j] : res) {
cout << i << " " << j << '\n';
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-const-variable"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wreorder"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlogical-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) [&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
template <typename T, size_t N>
array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
array<T, N> res;
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
res[i] = init;
}
return res;
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
struct point {
int x, y, i;
point(int x, int y, int i) : x(x), y(y), i(i) {}
};
void solve() {
read(int, _, n);
read(pii, s, t);
vector<point> a;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
read(int, x, y);
a.emplace_back(x, y, i);
}
vector<vector<pii>> e(n + 2);
sort_by_key(a.begin(), a.end(), [] (const point& x) { return x.x; });
for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
edgew(e, a[i - 1].i, a[i].i, a[i].x - a[i - 1].x);
}
sort_by_key(a.begin(), a.end(), [] (const point& x) { return x.y; });
for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
edgew(e, a[i - 1].i, a[i].i, a[i].y - a[i - 1].y);
}
int src = n, dst = n + 1;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
edgew(e, src, a[i].i, min(abs(s.first - a[i].x), abs(s.second - a[i].y)));
edgew(e, dst, a[i].i, abs(t.first - a[i].x) + abs(t.second - a[i].y));
}
edgew(e, src, dst, abs(s.first - t.first) + abs(s.second - t.second));
vector<ll> dis(n + 2, INFLL);
vector<bool> vis(n + 2);
min_heap<pli> pq;
dis[src] = 0;
pq.emplace(0, src);
while (pq.size()) {
poptop(pq, d, v);
continue_or(vis[v], 1);
for (auto&& [u, w] : e[v]) {
if (not vis[u] and chmin(dis[u], dis[v] + w)) {
pq.emplace(dis[u], u);
}
}
}
cout << dis[dst] << '\n';
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-const-variable"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wreorder"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlogical-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) [&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
template <typename T, size_t N>
array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
array<T, N> res;
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
res[i] = init;
}
return res;
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
void solve() {
read(int, n);
readvec(char, a, n);
transform(a.begin(), a.end(), a.begin(), [] (char c) { return c - '0'; });
vector<pii> segs;
int s = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
if (a[i] == 1) {
if (s == -1) {
s = i;
}
} else {
if (s != -1) {
segs.emplace_back(s, i - s);
s = -1;
}
}
}
if (s != -1) {
segs.emplace_back(s, n - s);
}
int m = segs.size();
vector<ll> ps(n + 1);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
ps[i] = ps[i - 1] + ll(1) * (1 + i) * i / 2;
}
vector<int> prev(m, -1), next(m, -1);
vector<int> stack;
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
while (stack.size() and segs[stack.back()].second <= segs[i].second) {
stack.pop_back();
}
if (stack.size()) {
prev[i] = stack.back();
}
stack.emplace_back(i);
}
stack.clear();
for (int i = m - 1; ~i; --i) {
while (stack.size() and segs[stack.back()].second < segs[i].second) {
stack.pop_back();
}
if (stack.size()) {
next[i] = stack.back();
}
}
ll res = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
res += ps[segs[i].second];
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-const-variable"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wreorder"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlogical-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) [&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
template <typename T, size_t N>
array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
array<T, N> res;
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
res[i] = init;
}
return res;
}
/*******************************************************/
#define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
void prep() {
}
void solve() {
read(int, n, m);
vector<pii> edges;
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
read(int, u, v);
edges.emplace_back(u, v);
}
int t = lg2(n) + 1;
{
vector<vector<pii>> e((t + 1) * n + 1);
for (auto&& [u, v] : edges) {
for (int i = 0; i <= t; ++i) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
e[i * n + u].emplace_back(i * n + v, 1);
} else {
e[i * n + v].emplace_back(i * n + u, 1);
}
}
}
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
int pw = 1;
for (int j = 1; j <= t; ++j) {
e[(j - 1) * n + i].emplace_back(j * n + i, pw);
pw <<= 1;
}
}
vector<int> dis((t + 1) * n + 1, INF);
vector<bool> vis((t + 1) * n + 1);
min_heap<pii> pq;
dis[1] = 0;
pq.emplace(0, 1);
while (pq.size()) {
poptop(pq, d, v);
continue_or(vis[v], 1);
for (auto&& [u, w] : e[v]) {
if (not vis[u] and chmin(dis[u], dis[v] + w)) {
pq.emplace(dis[u], u);
}
}
}
int res = INF;
for (int i = 0; i <= t; ++i) {
chmin(res, dis[i * n]);
}
if (res != INF) {
cout << res << '\n';
return;
}
}
{
// WARN: Do we have to ensure the number of transitions is greater than `t`?
// Nope.
vector<vector<pair<int, pii>>> e(2 * n + 1);
for (auto&& [u, v] : edges) {
e[u].emplace_back(v, make_pair(0, 1));
e[n + v].emplace_back(n + u, make_pair(0, 1));
}
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
e[i].emplace_back(n + i, make_pair(1, 0));
e[n + i].emplace_back(i, make_pair(1, 0));
}
vector<pii> dis(2 * n + 1, { INF, INF });
vector<bool> vis(2 * n + 1);
min_heap<pair<pii, int>> pq;
dis[1] = { 0, 0 };
pq.emplace(dis[1], 1);
while (pq.size()) {
poptop(pq, d, v);
continue_or(vis[v], 1);
for (auto&& [u, w] : e[v]) {
if (not vis[u] and chmin(dis[u], make_pair(dis[v].first + w.first, dis[v].second + w.second))) {
pq.emplace(dis[u], u);
}
}
}
pii res = min(dis[n], dis[2 * n]);
MLL<PRIME> pw = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < res.first; ++i) {
pw = 2 * pw + 1;
}
cout << pw + res.second << '\n';
}
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

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#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-const-variable"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wreorder"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshift-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlogical-op-parentheses"
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
/************* This code requires C++17. ***************/
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
/* macro helpers */
#define __NARGS(...) std::tuple_size<decltype(std::make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))>::value
#define __DECOMPOSE_S(a, x) auto x = a;
#define __DECOMPOSE_N(a, ...) auto [__VA_ARGS__] = a;
constexpr void __() {}
#define __AS_PROCEDURE(...) __(); __VA_ARGS__; __()
#define __as_typeof(container) remove_reference<decltype(container)>::type
/* type aliases */
#if LONG_LONG_MAX != INT64_MAX
using ll = int64_t;
using ull = uint64_t;
#else
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
#endif
using int128 = __int128_t;
using uint128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pil = pair<int, ll>; using pid = pair<int, ld>;
using pli = pair<ll, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>; using pld = pair<ll, ld>;
using pdi = pair<ld, int>; using pdl = pair<ld, ll>; using pdd = pair<ld, ld>;
using tiii = tuple<int, int, int>; using tiil = tuple<int, int, ll>; using tiid = tuple<int, int, ld>;
using tili = tuple<int, ll, int>; using till = tuple<int, ll, ll>; using tild = tuple<int, ll, ld>;
using tidi = tuple<int, ld, int>; using tidl = tuple<int, ld, ll>; using tidd = tuple<int, ld, ld>;
using tlii = tuple<ll, int, int>; using tlil = tuple<ll, int, ll>; using tlid = tuple<ll, int, ld>;
using tlli = tuple<ll, ll, int>; using tlll = tuple<ll, ll, ll>; using tlld = tuple<ll, ll, ld>;
using tldi = tuple<ll, ld, int>; using tldl = tuple<ll, ld, ll>; using tldd = tuple<ll, ld, ld>;
using tdii = tuple<ld, int, int>; using tdil = tuple<ld, int, ll>; using tdid = tuple<ld, int, ld>;
using tdli = tuple<ld, ll, int>; using tdll = tuple<ld, ll, ll>; using tdld = tuple<ld, ll, ld>;
using tddi = tuple<ld, ld, int>; using tddl = tuple<ld, ld, ll>; using tddd = tuple<ld, ld, ld>;
template <typename T> using max_heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <typename T> using min_heap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<>>;
template <typename T> using oi = ostream_iterator<T>;
template <typename T> using ii = istream_iterator<T>;
/* constants */
constexpr int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
constexpr ll INFLL = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
constexpr ll MDL = 1e9 + 7;
constexpr ll PRIME = 998'244'353;
constexpr ll MDL1 = 8784491;
constexpr ll MDL2 = PRIME;
constexpr int128 INT128_MAX = numeric_limits<int128>::max();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MAX = numeric_limits<uint128>::max();
constexpr int128 INT128_MIN = numeric_limits<int128>::min();
constexpr uint128 UINT128_MIN = numeric_limits<uint128>::min();
/* random */
mt19937 rd(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count());
/* bit-wise operations */
#define lowbit(x) ((x) & -(x))
#define popcount(x) (__builtin_popcountll(ll(x)))
#define parity(x) (__builtin_parityll(ll(x)))
#define msp(x) (63LL - __builtin_clzll(ll(x)))
#define lsp(x) (__builtin_ctzll(ll(x)))
/* arithmetic operations */
#define mod(x, y) ((((x) % (y)) + (y)) % (y))
/* fast pairs */
#define upair ull
#define umake(x, y) (ull(x) << 32 | (ull(y) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1)))
#define u1(p) ((p) >> 32)
#define u2(p) ((p) & ((1ULL << 32) - 1))
#define ult std::less<upair>
#define ugt std::greater<upair>
#define ipair ull
#define imake(x, y) (umake(x, y))
#define i1(p) (int(u1(ll(p))))
#define i2(p) (ll(u2(p) << 32) >> 32)
struct ilt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) < i2(b);
else return i1(a) < i1(b);
}
};
struct igt {
bool operator()(const ipair& a, const ipair& b) const {
if (i1(a) == i1(b)) return i2(a) > i2(b);
else return i1(a) > i1(b);
}
};
/* conditions */
#define loop while (1)
#define if_or(var, val) if (!(var == val)) var = val; else
#define continue_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) continue; var = val;)
#define break_or(var, val) __AS_PROCEDURE(if (var == val) break; var = val;)
/* hash */
struct safe_hash {
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393
static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
// http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
return x ^ (x >> 31);
}
size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
}
};
struct pair_hash {
template <typename T, typename U>
size_t operator()(const pair<T, U>& a) const {
auto hash1 = safe_hash()(a.first);
auto hash2 = safe_hash()(a.second);
if (hash1 != hash2) {
return hash1 ^ hash2;
}
return hash1;
}
};
uniform_int_distribution<mt19937::result_type> dist(PRIME);
const size_t __array_hash_b = 31, __array_hash_mdl1 = dist(rd), __array_hash_mdl2 = dist(rd);
struct array_hash {
template <typename Sequence>
size_t operator()(const Sequence& arr) const {
size_t pw1 = 1, pw2 = 1;
size_t res1 = 0, res2 = 0;
for (auto&& x : arr) {
res1 = (res1 + x * pw1) % __array_hash_mdl1;
res2 = (res2 + x * pw2) % __array_hash_mdl2;
pw1 = (pw1 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl1;
pw2 = (pw2 * __array_hash_b) % __array_hash_mdl2;
}
return res1 + res2;
}
};
/* build data structures */
#define faster(um) __AS_PROCEDURE((um).reserve(1024); (um).max_load_factor(0.25);)
#define unordered_counter(from, to) __AS_PROCEDURE(unordered_map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, safe_hash> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define counter(from, to, cmp) __AS_PROCEDURE(map<__as_typeof(from), size_t, cmp> to; for (auto&& x : from) ++to[x];)
#define pa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) pa; pa.push_back({}); for (auto&&x : a) pa.push_back(pa.back() + x);)
#define sa(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(__typeof(a) sa(a.size() + 1); {int n = a.size(); for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) sa[i] = sa[i + 1] + a[i];};)
#define adj(ch, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<vector<int>> ch((n) + 1);)
#define edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v), ch[v].push_back(u);)
#define edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__), ch[v].emplace_back(u, __VA_ARGS__);)
#define Edge(ch, u, v) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].push_back(v);)
#define Edgew(ch, u, v, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(ch[u].emplace_back(v, __VA_ARGS__);)
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, map<T, size_t>> discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
map<T, size_t> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
template <typename T, typename Iterator> pair<size_t, unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash>> unordered_discretize(Iterator __first, Iterator __last) {
set<T> st(__first, __last);
size_t N = 0;
unordered_map<T, size_t, safe_hash> mp;
for (auto&& x : st) mp[x] = ++N;
return {N, mp};
}
/* io */
#define untie __AS_PROCEDURE(ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(NULL))
template<typename T, typename U> istream& operator>>(istream& in, pair<T, U>& p) {
return in >> p.first >> p.second;
}
template<typename T, typename U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T, U>& p) {
out << "{" << p.first << ", " << p.second << "}";
return out;
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Index>
void print_tuple_impl(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const Tuple& t, std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
using swallow = int[]; // guaranties left to right order
(void)swallow { 0, (void(os << (Index == 0 ? "" : ", ") << std::get<Index>(t)), 0)... };
}
template<typename Char, typename Traits, typename... Args>
decltype(auto) operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>& os, const std::tuple<Args...>& t) {
os << "{";
print_tuple_impl(os, t, std::index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
return os << "}";
}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& vec) {
for (auto&& i : vec) out << i << ' ';
return out;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& dest, const int128& value) {
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/25115163/23881100
std::ostream::sentry s( dest );
if ( s ) {
uint128 tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
char buffer[ 128 ];
char* d = std::end( buffer );
do {
-- d;
*d = "0123456789"[ tmp % 10 ];
tmp /= 10;
} while ( tmp != 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) {
-- d;
*d = '-';
}
int len = std::end( buffer ) - d;
if ( dest.rdbuf()->sputn( d, len ) != len ) {
dest.setstate( std::ios_base::badbit );
}
}
return dest;
}
template<typename T> void __read(T& x) { cin >> x; }
template<typename T, typename... U> void __read(T& x, U&... args) { cin >> x; __read(args...); }
#define read(type, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(type __VA_ARGS__; __read(__VA_ARGS__);)
#define readvec(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a(n); for (auto& x : a) cin >> x;)
#define readvec1(type, a, n) __AS_PROCEDURE(vector<type> a((n) + 1); copy_n(ii<type>(cin), (n), a.begin() + 1);)
#define putvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec1(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, " ")); cout << endl;)
#define putvec_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin(), a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define putvec1_eol(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(copy(a.begin() + 1, a.end(), oi<__as_typeof(a)::value_type>(cout, "\n"));)
#define debug(x) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #x" = " << (x) << endl;)
#define debugvec(a) __AS_PROCEDURE(cerr << #a" = "; for (auto&& x : a) cerr << x << ' '; cerr << endl;)
#define deb(...) debug(make_tuple(__VA_ARGS__))
/* pops */
#define poptop(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.top(); q.pop();)
#define popback(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.back(); q.pop_back();)
#define popfront(q, ...) __AS_PROCEDURE(auto [__VA_ARGS__] = q.front();q.pop_front();)
/* math */
template <typename return_t>
return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
if (b == 0 and p != 0) return 0;
if (p == 0) return 1;
return_t half = qpow<return_t>(b, p / 2);
if (p % 2 == 1) return half * half * b;
else return half * half;
}
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
void __exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (b == 0) {
x = 1, y = 0;
return;
}
__exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
y -= a / b * x;
}
ll inverse(ll a, ll b) {
ll x, y;
__exgcd(a, b, x, y);
return mod(x, b);
}
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> decompose(ll x) {
// return (factor, count, factor ** count)
vector<tuple<int, int, ll>> res;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) {
if (x % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
ll pw = 1;
while (x % i == 0) ++cnt, x /= i, pw *= i;
res.emplace_back(i, cnt, pw);
}
}
if (x != 1) {
res.emplace_back(x, 1, x);
}
return res;
}
vector<pii> decompose_prime(int N) {
// return (factor, count)
vector<pii> result;
for (int i = 2; i * i <= N; i++) {
if (N % i == 0) {
int cnt = 0;
while (N % i == 0) N /= i, ++cnt;
result.emplace_back(i, cnt);
}
}
if (N != 1) {
result.emplace_back(N, 1);
}
return result;
}
/* string algorithms */
vector<int> calc_next(string t) { // pi function of t
int n = (int)t.length();
vector<int> pi(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
int j = pi[i - 1];
while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
if (t[i] == t[j]) j++;
pi[i] = j;
}
return pi;
}
vector<int> calc_z(string t) { // z function of t
int m = t.length();
vector<int> z;
z.push_back(m);
pair<int, int> prev = {1, -1};
for (int i = 1; i < m; ++i) {
if (z[i - prev.first] + i <= prev.second) {
z.push_back(z[i - prev.first]);
} else {
int j = max(i, prev.second + 1);
while (j < m && t[j] == t[j - i]) ++j;
z.push_back(j - i);
prev = {i, j - 1};
}
}
return z;
}
vector<int> kmp(string s, string t) { // find all t in s
string cur = t + '#' + s;
int sz1 = s.size(), sz2 = t.size();
vector<int> v;
vector<int> lps = calc_next(cur);
for (int i = sz2 + 1; i <= sz1 + sz2; i++) {
if (lps[i] == sz2) v.push_back(i - 2 * sz2);
}
return v;
}
int period(string s) { // find the length of shortest recurring period
int n = s.length();
auto z = calc_z(s);
for (int i = 1; i <= n / 2; ++i) {
if (n % i == 0 && z[i] == n - i) {
return i;
}
}
return n;
}
/* modular arithmetic */
template <ll mdl> struct MLL {
ll val;
MLL(ll v = 0) : val(mod(v, mdl)) {}
MLL(const MLL<mdl>& other) : val(other.val) {}
friend MLL operator+(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val + rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator-(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator*(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * rhs.val, mdl); }
friend MLL operator/(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val * mod(inverse(rhs.val, mdl), mdl), mdl); }
friend MLL operator%(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return mod(lhs.val - (lhs / rhs).val, mdl); }
friend bool operator==(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
friend bool operator!=(const MLL& lhs, const MLL& rhs) { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
void operator+=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this + rhs).val; }
void operator-=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this - rhs).val; }
void operator*=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this * rhs).val; }
void operator/=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this / rhs).val; }
void operator%=(const MLL& rhs) { val = (*this % rhs).val; }
};
template <ll mdl>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MLL<mdl>& num) {
return out << num.val;
}
template <ll mdl>
istream& operator>>(istream& in, MLL<mdl>& num) {
return in >> num.val;
}
// miscancellous
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmax(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs < rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool chmin(T& lhs, const U& rhs) {
bool ret = lhs > rhs;
if (ret) {
lhs = rhs;
}
return ret;
}
#define functor(func) [&](auto&&... val) \
noexcept(noexcept(func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...))) -> decltype(auto) \
{return func(std::forward<decltype(val)>(val)...);}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return std::less<>()(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename Func, typename RandomIt, typename Compare> void sort_by_key(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, Func extractor, Compare comp) {
std::sort(first, last, [&] (auto&& a, auto&& b) { return comp(extractor(a), extractor(b)); });
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_T a_last, Iterator_U b_first, Iterator_U b_last) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
auto a_it = a_first;
auto b_it = b_first;
for (; not (a_it == a_last) and not (b_it == b_last); ++a_it, ++b_it) {
res.emplace_back(*a_it, *b_it);
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, typename U, typename Iterator_T, typename Iterator_U>
vector<pair<T, U>> zip_n(Iterator_T a_first, Iterator_U b_first, size_t n) {
vector<pair<T, U>> res;
if (n > 0) {
res.emplace_back(*a_first, *b_first);
for (size_t i = 1; i != n; ++i) {
res.emplace_back(*++a_first, *++b_first);
}
}
return res;
}
template <typename T>
class ArithmeticIterator : bidirectional_iterator_tag {
public:
using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
using value_type = T;
private:
value_type value;
public:
ArithmeticIterator(const T& value) : value(value) {}
value_type operator*() const { return value; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator++() { ++value; return *this; }
ArithmeticIterator<T>& operator--() { --value; return *this; }
bool operator==(const ArithmeticIterator<T>& rhs) const { return value == rhs.value; }
};
template <typename T> vector<pair<int, T>> enumerate(const vector<T>& container) {
return zip<int, T>(ArithmeticIterator<int>(0), ArithmeticIterator<int>(INT_MAX), container.begin(), container.end());
}
#define initarray(init, N) (__initarray<decay<decltype(init)>::type, (N)>(init))
template <typename T, size_t N>
array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
array<T, N> res;
for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
res[i] = init;
}
return res;
}
/*******************************************************/
// #define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
void dump() {}
void dump_ignore() {}
using mll = MLL<MDL>;
constexpr int N = 1e5 + 10;
mll fact[N], factrev[N];
void prep() {
fact[0] = 1;
factrev[0] = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < N; ++i) {
fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i;
factrev[i] = 1 / fact[i];
}
}
void solve() {
read(int, n);
int m = 2 * n + 1;
mll res = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 2 * n + 1; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j <= n; ++j) {
res += i * fastcomb(min(i - 1, n), i - 1 - j) * fastcomb(max(0, n - i), 2 * j - i + 1);
}
}
cout << res << '\n';
}
int main() {
#if __cplusplus < 201402L or defined(_MSC_VER) and not defined(__clang__)
assert(false && "incompatible compiler variant detected.");
#endif
untie;
prep();
#ifdef SINGLE_TEST_CASE
solve();
#else
read(int, t);
for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) {
#ifdef DUMP_TEST_CASE
if (t != (TOT_TEST_CASE)) {
solve();
} else if (i + 1 == (DUMP_TEST_CASE)) {
dump();
} else {
dump_ignore();
}
#else
solve();
#endif
}
#endif
}

View File

@ -250,6 +250,7 @@ return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
} }
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)]) #define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); } constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }
@ -456,7 +457,7 @@ array<T, N> __initarray(const T& init) {
} }
/*******************************************************/ /*******************************************************/
// #define SINGLE_TEST_CASE #define SINGLE_TEST_CASE
// #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219 // #define DUMP_TEST_CASE 7219
// #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000 // #define TOT_TEST_CASE 10000
@ -469,55 +470,101 @@ void prep() {
void solve() { void solve() {
read(int, n); read(int, n);
adj(ch, n); set<pii, greater<>> primary, candidates;
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) { set<int, greater<>> regular_candidates;
read(int, u, v);
edge(ch, u, v);
}
auto dfs = [&] (auto dfs, int v, int pa) -> pii { int curr = 0;
int sols = 0; int r = 0;
int rets_mn = INF, rets_mx = -INF; ll sum = 0;
for (auto&& u : ch[v]) { ll res = 0;
if (u == pa) continue; while (n--) {
auto [x, y] = dfs(dfs, u, v); read(int, tp, d);
chmin(rets_mn, x); sum += d;
chmax(rets_mx, x); if (d < 0) {
chmax(sols, y); curr -= tp;
} if (primary.count({-d, tp})) {
primary.erase({-d, tp});
int child = ch[v].size() - 1; res += d;
r -= tp;
if (child == 0) { } else {
return { 0, 0 }; candidates.erase({-d, tp});
} else if (child == 1) { if (tp == 0) {
return { rets_mn + 1, sols }; regular_candidates.erase(-d);
}
}
} else { } else {
return { rets_mn + 1, max(rets_mx + 2, sols) }; curr += tp;
} candidates.emplace(d, tp);
}; if (tp == 0) {
regular_candidates.emplace(d);
unordered_map<int, int, safe_hash> mpr; }
multiset<int> rets;
int sols = 0;
for (auto&& u : ch[1]) {
auto [x, y] = dfs(dfs, u, 1);
mpr[u] = x;
rets.emplace(x);
chmax(sols, y);
}
if (ch[1].size() == 1) {
cout << max(*rets.begin() + 1, sols) << '\n';
} else {
int res = INF;
for (auto&& u : ch[1]) {
rets.erase(rets.lower_bound(mpr[u]));
chmin(res, max(mpr[u] + 1, max(*rets.rbegin() + 2, sols)));
rets.emplace(mpr[u]);
} }
cout << res << '\n'; if (candidates.size() and primary.size() < curr) {
auto it = candidates.begin();
primary.emplace(*it);
res += it->first;
r += it->second;
if (it->second == 0) {
regular_candidates.erase(it->first);
}
candidates.erase(it);
}
if (primary.size() == curr and curr != 0 and candidates.size() and candidates.begin()->first > primary.rbegin()->first) {
auto out = prev(primary.end());
res -= out->first;
r -= out->second;
candidates.emplace(*out);
if (out->second == 0) {
regular_candidates.emplace(out->first);
}
primary.erase(out);
auto in = candidates.begin();
res += in->first;
r += in->second;
primary.emplace(*in);
if (in->second == 0) {
regular_candidates.erase(in->first);
}
candidates.erase(in);
}
if (primary.size() > curr) {
auto out = prev(primary.end());
res -= out->first;
r -= out->second;
candidates.emplace(*out);
if (out->second == 0) {
regular_candidates.emplace(out->first);
}
primary.erase(out);
}
// deb(r, curr);
if (r == curr and curr > 0) {
auto out = prev(primary.end());
res -= out->first;
r -= out->second;
candidates.emplace(*out);
if (out->second == 0) {
regular_candidates.emplace(out->first);
}
primary.erase(out);
if (regular_candidates.size()) {
auto in = regular_candidates.begin();
res += *in;
primary.emplace(*in, 0);
candidates.erase({*in, 0});
regular_candidates.erase(*in);
}
}
deb(r, curr);
debugvec(primary);
debugvec(candidates);
debugvec(regular_candidates);
cout << res + sum << '\n';
} }
} }

View File

@ -1,17 +1,24 @@
3 3
3 0 124587329
1 2 1 95720501
1 3 0 -124587329
4 1 514657693
1 2 1 -514657693
2 3 1 -95720501
3 4 0 367146977
8 0 -367146977
1 2 0 913300866
2 3 0 788937177
3 4 0 -788937177
1 5 1 807916218
5 6 1 -807916218
6 7 0 -913300866
5 8 0 901311455
0 -901311455
0 180039378
1 547750560
0 -180039378
1 -547750560
1 981295007
1 -981295007
1 392151481

View File

@ -250,6 +250,7 @@ return_t qpow(ll b, ll p) {
} }
#define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)]) #define comb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] / fact[k] / fact[(n) - (k)])
#define fastcomb(n, k) ((n) < 0 or (k) < 0 or (n) < (k) ? 0 : fact[n] * factrev[k] * factrev[(n) - (k)])
constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); } constexpr inline int lg2(ll x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : sizeof(ll) * 8 - 1 - __builtin_clzll(x); }

View File

@ -7,22 +7,7 @@ import io
PRIME = 998_244_353 PRIME = 998_244_353
if __name__ == '__main__': if __name__ == '__main__':
while True: N = 1000000
N = randint(1, 200) print(N)
with open('std.in', 'w') as f: for i in range(N):
print(N, file=f) print(999999000001 + i)
for _ in range(N):
print(randint(1, 200), file=f)
system('./good < std.in > std.out')
with open('std.out') as f:
good = f.read().strip()
system('./bad < std.in > std.out')
with open('std.out') as f:
bad = f.read().strip()
if good != bad:
print('good:')
print(good)
print()
print('bad:')
print(bad)
break