db-lab1/utils.hpp

#ifndef _UTILS_HPP
#define _UTILS_HPP

#include <cstddef>
#include <string>
#include <tuple>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <random>
#include <mutex>
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>

#include <cryptopp/cryptlib.h>
#include <cryptopp/pwdbased.h>
#include <cryptopp/sha.h>
#include <cryptopp/base64.h>

namespace bserv::utils {

namespace internal {

// NOTE:
// - `random_device` is implementation dependent.
//   it doesn't work with GNU GCC on Windows.
// - for thread-safety, do not directly use it.
//   use `get_rd_value` instead.
std::random_device rd;
std::mutex rd_mutex;

auto get_rd_value() {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lg{rd_mutex};
    return rd();
}

// const std::string chars = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
//                           "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
//                           "1234567890"
//                           "!@#$%^&*()"
//                           "`~-_=+[{]}\\|;:'\",<.>/? ";

const std::string chars = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
                          "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
                          "1234567890";


const std::string url_safe_characters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
                                        "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
                                        "0123456789-._~";

}  // internal

// https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_75_0/libs/random/example/password.cpp
std::string generate_random_string(std::size_t len) {
    std::string s;
    std::mt19937 rng{internal::get_rd_value()};
    std::uniform_int_distribution<> dist{0, (int) internal::chars.length() - 1};
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) s += internal::chars[dist(rng)];
    return s;
}

namespace security {

// https://codahale.com/a-lesson-in-timing-attacks/
bool constant_time_compare(const std::string& a, const std::string& b) {
    if (a.length() != b.length())
        return false;
    int result = 0;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < a.length(); ++i)
        result |= a[i] ^ b[i];
    return result == 0;
}

// https://cryptopp.com/wiki/PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC
std::string hash_password(
    const std::string& password,
    const std::string& salt,
    unsigned int iterations = 20000 /*320000*/) {
    using namespace CryptoPP;
    byte derived[SHA256::DIGESTSIZE];
    PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC<SHA256> pbkdf;
	byte unused = 0;
    pbkdf.DeriveKey(derived, sizeof(derived), unused,
        (const byte*) password.c_str(), password.length(),
        (const byte*) salt.c_str(), salt.length(),
        iterations, 0.0f);
    std::string result;
    Base64Encoder encoder{new StringSink{result}, false};
    encoder.Put(derived, sizeof(derived));
    encoder.MessageEnd();
    return result;
}

std::string encode_password(const std::string& password) {
    std::string salt = generate_random_string(16);
    std::string hashed_password = hash_password(password, salt);
    return salt + '$' + hashed_password;
}

bool check_password(const std::string& password,
    const std::string& encoded_password) {
    std::string salt, hashed_password;
    std::string* a = &salt, * b = &hashed_password;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < encoded_password.length(); ++i) {
        if (encoded_password[i] != '$') {
            (*a) += encoded_password[i];
        } else {
            std::swap(a, b);
        }
    }
    return constant_time_compare(
        hash_password(password, salt), hashed_password);
}

}  // security

// reference for url:
// https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt

// reserved    = gen-delims / sub-delims
// gen-delims  = ":" / "/" / "?" / "#" / "[" / "]" / "@"
// sub-delims  = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
//             / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="

// unreserved  = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"

// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54060359/encoding-decoded-urls-in-c
// there can be exceptions (std::stoi)!
std::string decode_url(const std::string& s) {
    std::string r;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < s.length(); ++i) {
        if (s[i] == '%') {
            int v = std::stoi(s.substr(i + 1, 2), nullptr, 16);
            r.push_back(0xff & v);
            i += 2;
        } else if (s[i] == '+') r.push_back(' ');
        else r.push_back(s[i]);
    }
    return r;
}

std::string encode_url(const std::string& s) {
    std::ostringstream oss;
    for (auto& c : s) {
        if (internal::url_safe_characters.find(c) != std::string::npos) {
            oss << c;
        } else {
            oss << '%' << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2) <<
                std::uppercase << std::hex << (0xff & c);
        }
    }
    return oss.str();
}

// this function parses param list in the form of k1=v1&k2=v2...,
// where '&' can be any delimiter.
// ki and vi will be converted if they are percent-encoded,
// which is why the returned values are `string`, not `string_view`.
std::pair<
    std::map<std::string, std::string>,
    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>>>
parse_params(std::string& s, std::size_t start_pos = 0, char delimiter = '&') {
    std::map<std::string, std::string> dict_params;
    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> list_params;
    // we use the swap pointer technique
    // we will always append characters to *a only.
    std::string key, value, *a = &key, *b = &value;
    // append an extra `delimiter` so that the last key-value pair
    // is processed just like the other.
    s.push_back(delimiter);
    for (std::size_t i = start_pos; i < s.length(); ++i) {
        if (s[i] == '=') {
            std::swap(a, b);
        } else if (s[i] == delimiter) {
            // swap(a, b);
            a = &key;
            b = &value;
            // prevent ending with ' '
            while (!key.empty() && key.back() == ' ') key.pop_back();
            while (!value.empty() && value.back() == ' ') value.pop_back();
            if (key.empty() && value.empty())
                continue;
            key = decode_url(key);
            value = decode_url(value);
            // if `key` is in `list_params`, append `value`.
            auto p = list_params.find(key);
            if (p != list_params.end()) {
                list_params[key].push_back(value);
            } else { // `key` is not in `list_params`
                auto p = dict_params.find(key);
                // if `key` is in `dict_params`, 
                // move previous value and `value` to `list_params`
                // and remove `key` in `dict_params`.
                if (p != dict_params.end()) {
                    list_params[key] = {p->second, value};
                    dict_params.erase(p);
                } else { // `key` is not in `dict_params`
                    dict_params[key] = value;
                }
            }
            // clear `key` and `value`
            key = "";
            value = "";
        } else {
            // prevent beginning with ' '
            if (a->empty() && s[i] == ' ') {
                continue;
            }
            (*a) += s[i];
        }
    }
    // remove the last `delimiter` to restore `s` to what it was.
    s.pop_back();
    return std::make_pair(dict_params, list_params);
}

// this function parses url in the form of [url]?k1=v1&k2=v2...
// this function will convert ki and vi if they are percent-encoded.
// NOTE: don't misuse this function, it's going to modify
//       the parameter `s` in place!
std::tuple<std::string,
           std::map<std::string, std::string>,
           std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>>>
parse_url(std::string& s) {
    std::string url;
    std::size_t i = 0;
    for (; i < s.length(); ++i) {
        if (s[i] != '?') {
            url += s[i];
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }
    if (i == s.length())
        return std::make_tuple(url,
            std::map<std::string, std::string>{},
            std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>>{});
    auto&& [dict_params, list_params] = parse_params(s, i + 1);
    return std::make_tuple(url, dict_params, list_params);
}

}  // bserv::utils

#endif  // _UTILS_HPP