diff --git a/lua/lazy/core/fragments.lua b/lua/lazy/core/fragments.lua
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7096f55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lua/lazy/core/fragments.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+local Config = require("lazy.core.config")
+
+local M = {}
+
+M._fid = 0
+
+local function next_id()
+  M._fid = M._fid + 1
+  return M._fid
+end
+
+---@class LazyFragments
+---@field fragments table<number, LazyFragment>
+---@field frag_stack number[]
+---@field dep_stack number[]
+---@field dirty table<number, boolean>
+---@field spec LazySpecLoader
+local F = {}
+
+---@param spec LazySpecLoader
+---@return LazyFragments
+function M.new(spec)
+  local self = setmetatable({}, { __index = F })
+  self.fragments = {}
+  self.frag_stack = {}
+  self.dep_stack = {}
+  self.spec = spec
+  self.dirty = {}
+  return self
+end
+
+---@param id number
+function F:get(id)
+  return self.fragments[id]
+end
+
+---@param id number
+function F:del(id)
+  -- del fragment
+  local fragment = self.fragments[id]
+  if not fragment then
+    return
+  end
+
+  self.dirty[id] = true
+
+  -- remove from parent
+  local pid = fragment.pid
+  if pid then
+    local parent = self.fragments[pid]
+    if parent.frags then
+      ---@param fid number
+      parent.frags = vim.tbl_filter(function(fid)
+        return fid ~= id
+      end, parent.frags)
+    end
+    if parent.deps then
+      ---@param fid number
+      parent.deps = vim.tbl_filter(function(fid)
+        return fid ~= id
+      end, parent.deps)
+    end
+    self.dirty[pid] = true
+  end
+
+  -- remove children
+  if fragment.frags then
+    for _, fid in ipairs(fragment.frags) do
+      self:del(fid)
+    end
+  end
+
+  self.fragments[id] = nil
+end
+
+---@param plugin LazyPluginSpec
+function F:add(plugin)
+  local id = next_id()
+
+  local pid = self.frag_stack[#self.frag_stack]
+
+  ---@type LazyFragment
+  local fragment = {
+    id = id,
+    pid = pid,
+    name = plugin.name,
+    url = plugin.url,
+    dir = plugin.dir,
+    spec = plugin --[[@as LazyPlugin]],
+  }
+
+  -- short url / ref
+  if plugin[1] then
+    local slash = plugin[1]:find("/", 1, true)
+    if slash then
+      local prefix = plugin[1]:sub(1, 4)
+      if prefix == "http" or prefix == "git@" then
+        fragment.url = fragment.url or plugin[1]
+      else
+        fragment.name = fragment.name or plugin[1]:sub(slash + 1)
+        fragment.url = fragment.url or Config.options.git.url_format:format(plugin[1])
+      end
+    else
+      fragment.name = fragment.name or plugin[1]
+    end
+  end
+
+  -- name
+  fragment.name = fragment.name
+    or fragment.url and self.spec.get_name(fragment.url)
+    or fragment.dir and self.spec.get_name(fragment.dir)
+  if not fragment.name then
+    return self.spec:error("Invalid plugin spec " .. vim.inspect(plugin))
+  end
+
+  if type(plugin.config) == "table" then
+    self.spec:warn(
+      "{" .. fragment.name .. "}: setting a table to `Plugin.config` is deprecated. Please use `Plugin.opts` instead"
+    )
+    ---@diagnostic disable-next-line: assign-type-mismatch
+    plugin.opts = plugin.config
+    plugin.config = nil
+  end
+
+  self.fragments[id] = fragment
+
+  -- add to parent
+  if pid then
+    local parent = self.fragments[pid]
+    parent.frags = parent.frags or {}
+    table.insert(parent.frags, id)
+  end
+
+  -- add to parent's deps
+  local did = self.dep_stack[#self.dep_stack]
+  if did and did == pid then
+    fragment.dep = true
+    local parent = self.fragments[did]
+    parent.deps = parent.deps or {}
+    table.insert(parent.deps, id)
+  end
+
+  table.insert(self.frag_stack, id)
+  -- dependencies
+  if plugin.dependencies then
+    table.insert(self.dep_stack, id)
+    self.spec:normalize(plugin.dependencies)
+    table.remove(self.dep_stack)
+  end
+  -- child specs
+  if plugin.specs then
+    self.spec:normalize(plugin.specs)
+  end
+  table.remove(self.frag_stack)
+
+  return fragment
+end
+
+return M
diff --git a/lua/lazy/core/loader.lua b/lua/lazy/core/loader.lua
index ffd8753..a0233ad 100644
--- a/lua/lazy/core/loader.lua
+++ b/lua/lazy/core/loader.lua
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ function M.startup()
   M.source(vim.env.VIMRUNTIME .. "/filetype.lua")
 
   -- backup original rtp
-  local rtp = vim.opt.rtp:get()
+  local rtp = vim.opt.rtp:get() --[[@as string[] ]]
 
   -- 1. run plugin init
   Util.track({ start = "init" })
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ function M.startup()
     if not path:find("after/?$") then
       -- these paths don't will already have their ftdetect ran,
       -- by sourcing filetype.lua above, so skip them
-      M.did_ftdetect[path] = true
+      M.did_ftdetect[path] = path
       M.packadd(path)
     end
   end
@@ -144,7 +144,9 @@ function M.startup()
 
   -- 4. load after plugins
   Util.track({ start = "after" })
-  for _, path in ipairs(vim.opt.rtp:get()) do
+  for _, path in
+    ipairs(vim.opt.rtp:get() --[[@as string[] ]])
+  do
     if path:find("after/?$") then
       M.source_runtime(path, "plugin")
     end
diff --git a/lua/lazy/core/meta.lua b/lua/lazy/core/meta.lua
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c40238
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lua/lazy/core/meta.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+local Config = require("lazy.core.config")
+local Util = require("lazy.core.util")
+
+---@class LazyMeta
+---@field plugins table<string, LazyPlugin>
+---@field str_to_meta table<string, LazyPlugin>
+---@field frag_to_meta table<number, LazyPlugin>
+---@field dirty table<string, boolean>
+---@field spec LazySpecLoader
+---@field fragments LazyFragments
+local M = {}
+
+---@param spec LazySpecLoader
+---@return LazyMeta
+function M.new(spec)
+  local self = setmetatable({}, { __index = M })
+  self.spec = spec
+  self.fragments = require("lazy.core.fragments").new(spec)
+  self.plugins = {}
+  self.frag_to_meta = {}
+  self.str_to_meta = {}
+  self.dirty = {}
+  return self
+end
+
+---@param name string
+function M:del(name)
+  local meta = self.plugins[name]
+  if not meta then
+    return
+  end
+  for _, fid in ipairs(meta._.frags or {}) do
+    self.fragments:del(fid)
+  end
+  self.plugins[name] = nil
+end
+
+---@param plugin LazyPluginSpec
+function M:add(plugin)
+  local fragment = self.fragments:add(plugin)
+  if not fragment then
+    return
+  end
+
+  local meta = self.plugins[fragment.name]
+    or fragment.url and self.str_to_meta[fragment.url]
+    or fragment.dir and self.str_to_meta[fragment.dir]
+
+  if not meta then
+    meta = { name = fragment.name, _ = { frags = {} } }
+    local url, dir = fragment.url, fragment.dir
+    -- add to index
+    if url then
+      self.str_to_meta[url] = meta
+    end
+    if dir then
+      self.str_to_meta[dir] = meta
+    end
+  end
+
+  table.insert(meta._.frags, fragment.id)
+
+  if plugin.name then
+    -- handle renames
+    if meta.name ~= plugin.name then
+      self.plugins[meta.name] = nil
+      meta.name = plugin.name
+    end
+  end
+
+  self.plugins[meta.name] = meta
+  self.frag_to_meta[fragment.id] = meta
+  self.dirty[meta.name] = true
+end
+
+function M:rebuild()
+  for fid in pairs(self.fragments.dirty) do
+    local meta = self.frag_to_meta[fid]
+    if meta then
+      if self.fragments:get(fid) then
+        -- fragment still exists, so mark plugin as dirty
+        self.dirty[meta.name] = true
+      else
+        -- fragment was deleted, so remove it from plugin
+        ---@param f number
+        meta._.frags = vim.tbl_filter(function(f)
+          return f ~= fid
+        end, meta._.frags)
+        -- if no fragments left, delete plugin
+        if #meta._.frags == 0 then
+          self:del(meta.name)
+        else
+          self.dirty[meta.name] = true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  self.fragments.dirty = {}
+  for n, _ in pairs(self.dirty) do
+    self:_rebuild(n)
+  end
+end
+
+---@param name string
+function M:_rebuild(name)
+  local plugin = self.plugins[name]
+  if not plugin or #plugin._.frags == 0 then
+    self.plugins[name] = nil
+    return
+  end
+  setmetatable(plugin, nil)
+  plugin.dependencies = {}
+
+  local super = nil
+  plugin.url = nil
+  plugin._.dep = true
+  plugin.optional = true
+
+  assert(#plugin._.frags > 0, "no fragments found for plugin " .. name)
+
+  for _, fid in ipairs(plugin._.frags) do
+    local fragment = self.fragments:get(fid)
+    assert(fragment, "fragment " .. fid .. " not found, for plugin " .. name)
+    ---@diagnostic disable-next-line: no-unknown
+    super = setmetatable(fragment.spec, super and { __index = super } or nil)
+    plugin._.dep = plugin._.dep and fragment.dep
+    plugin.optional = plugin.optional and (rawget(fragment.spec, "optional") == true)
+    plugin.url = fragment.url or plugin.url
+
+    -- dependencies
+    for _, dep in ipairs(fragment.deps or {}) do
+      table.insert(plugin.dependencies, self.fragments:get(dep).name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  super = super or {}
+
+  -- dir / dev
+  plugin.dev = super.dev
+  plugin.dir = super.dir
+  if plugin.dir then
+    plugin.dir = Util.norm(plugin.dir)
+  else
+    if plugin.dev == nil and plugin.url then
+      for _, pattern in ipairs(Config.options.dev.patterns) do
+        if plugin.url:find(pattern, 1, true) then
+          plugin.dev = true
+          break
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    if plugin.dev == true then
+      local dev_dir = type(Config.options.dev.path) == "string" and Config.options.dev.path .. "/" .. plugin.name
+        or Util.norm(Config.options.dev.path(plugin))
+      if not Config.options.dev.fallback or vim.fn.isdirectory(dev_dir) == 1 then
+        plugin.dir = dev_dir
+      else
+        plugin.dev = false
+      end
+    end
+    plugin.dir = plugin.dir or Config.options.root .. "/" .. plugin.name
+  end
+
+  if #plugin.dependencies == 0 and not super.dependencies then
+    plugin.dependencies = nil
+  end
+  if not plugin.optional and not super.optional then
+    plugin.optional = nil
+  end
+  setmetatable(plugin, { __index = super })
+
+  self.dirty[plugin.name] = nil
+  return plugin
+end
+
+---@param plugin LazyPlugin
+function M:disable(plugin)
+  plugin._.kind = "disabled"
+  self:del(plugin.name)
+  self.spec.disabled[plugin.name] = plugin
+end
+
+function M:fix_cond()
+  for _, plugin in pairs(self.plugins) do
+    local cond = plugin.cond
+    if cond == nil then
+      cond = Config.options.defaults.cond
+    end
+    if cond == false or (type(cond) == "function" and not cond(plugin)) then
+      plugin._.cond = false
+      local stack = { plugin }
+      while #stack > 0 do
+        local p = table.remove(stack) --[[@as LazyPlugin]]
+        if not self.spec.ignore_installed[p.name] then
+          for _, dep in ipairs(p.dependencies or {}) do
+            table.insert(stack, self.plugins[dep])
+          end
+          self.spec.ignore_installed[p.name] = true
+        end
+      end
+      plugin.enabled = false
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+function M:fix_optional()
+  if self.spec.optional then
+    return 0
+  end
+  local changes = 0
+  for _, plugin in pairs(self.plugins) do
+    if plugin.optional then
+      changes = changes + 1
+      self:del(plugin.name)
+    end
+  end
+  self:rebuild()
+  return changes
+end
+
+function M:fix_disabled()
+  local changes = 0
+  for _, plugin in pairs(self.plugins) do
+    if plugin.enabled == false or (type(plugin.enabled) == "function" and not plugin.enabled()) then
+      changes = changes + 1
+      self:disable(plugin)
+    end
+  end
+  self:rebuild()
+  return changes
+end
+
+function M:fix()
+  Util.track("resolve plugins")
+  self:rebuild()
+
+  self:fix_cond()
+
+  -- selene: allow(empty_loop)
+  while self:fix_disabled() + self:fix_optional() > 0 do
+  end
+  Util.track()
+end
+
+return M
diff --git a/lua/lazy/core/plugin.lua b/lua/lazy/core/plugin.lua
index de6d228..6aec6f1 100644
--- a/lua/lazy/core/plugin.lua
+++ b/lua/lazy/core/plugin.lua
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 local Config = require("lazy.core.config")
+local Meta = require("lazy.core.meta")
 local Pkg = require("lazy.pkg")
 local Util = require("lazy.core.util")
 
@@ -7,46 +8,49 @@ local M = {}
 M.loading = false
 
 ---@class LazySpecLoader
+---@field meta LazyMeta
 ---@field plugins table<string, LazyPlugin>
----@field fragments table<number, LazyPlugin>
 ---@field disabled table<string, LazyPlugin>
----@field dirty table<string, true>
 ---@field ignore_installed table<string, true>
 ---@field modules string[]
 ---@field notifs {msg:string, level:number, file?:string}[]
 ---@field importing? string
 ---@field optional? boolean
 ---@field pkgs table<string, boolean>
----@field names table<string,string>
 local Spec = {}
 M.Spec = Spec
-M.last_fid = 0
-M.fid_stack = {} ---@type number[]
 M.LOCAL_SPEC = ".lazy.lua"
 
 ---@param spec? LazySpec
 ---@param opts? {optional?:boolean}
 function Spec.new(spec, opts)
-  local self = setmetatable({}, { __index = Spec })
-  self.plugins = {}
-  self.fragments = {}
+  local self = setmetatable({}, Spec)
+  self.meta = Meta.new(self)
   self.disabled = {}
   self.modules = {}
-  self.dirty = {}
   self.notifs = {}
   self.ignore_installed = {}
   self.pkgs = {}
   self.optional = opts and opts.optional
-  self.names = {}
   if spec then
     self:parse(spec)
   end
   return self
 end
 
+function Spec:__index(key)
+  if Spec[key] then
+    return Spec[key]
+  end
+  if key == "plugins" then
+    self.meta:rebuild()
+    return self.meta.plugins
+  end
+end
+
 function Spec:parse(spec)
   self:normalize(spec)
-  self:fix_disabled()
+  self.meta:fix()
 end
 
 -- PERF: optimized code to get package name without using lua patterns
@@ -58,136 +62,22 @@ function Spec.get_name(pkg)
   return slash and name:sub(#name - slash + 2) or pkg:gsub("%W+", "_")
 end
 
----@param plugin LazyPlugin
----@param results? string[]
-function Spec:add(plugin, results)
-  -- check if we already processed this spec. Can happen when a user uses the same instance of a spec in multiple specs
-  -- see https://github.com/folke/lazy.nvim/issues/45
-  if rawget(plugin, "_") then
-    if results then
-      table.insert(results, plugin.name)
-    end
-    return plugin
-  end
+---@param plugin LazyPluginSpec
+function Spec:add(plugin)
+  self.meta:add(plugin)
 
-  local is_ref = plugin[1] and not plugin[1]:find("/", 1, true)
-
-  if not plugin.url and not is_ref and plugin[1] then
-    local prefix = plugin[1]:sub(1, 4)
-    if prefix == "http" or prefix == "git@" then
-      plugin.url = plugin[1]
-    else
-      plugin.url = Config.options.git.url_format:format(plugin[1])
-    end
-  end
-
-  ---@type string?
-  local dir
-
-  if plugin.dir then
-    dir = Util.norm(plugin.dir)
-    -- local plugin
-    plugin.name = plugin.name or Spec.get_name(plugin.dir)
-  elseif plugin.url then
-    if plugin.name then
-      self.names[plugin.url] = plugin.name
-      local name = Spec.get_name(plugin.url)
-      if name and self.plugins[name] then
-        self.plugins[name].name = plugin.name
-        self.plugins[plugin.name] = self.plugins[name]
-        self.plugins[name] = nil
-      end
-    else
-      plugin.name = self.names[plugin.url] or Spec.get_name(plugin.url)
-    end
-    -- check for dev plugins
-    if plugin.dev == nil then
-      for _, pattern in ipairs(Config.options.dev.patterns) do
-        if plugin.url:find(pattern, 1, true) then
-          plugin.dev = true
-          break
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  elseif is_ref then
-    plugin.name = plugin[1]
-  else
-    self:error("Invalid plugin spec " .. vim.inspect(plugin))
-    return
-  end
-
-  if not plugin.name or plugin.name == "" then
-    self:error("Plugin spec " .. vim.inspect(plugin) .. " has no name")
-    return
-  end
-
-  -- dev plugins
-  if plugin.dev then
-    local dir_dev
-    if type(Config.options.dev.path) == "string" then
-      dir_dev = Config.options.dev.path .. "/" .. plugin.name
-    else
-      dir_dev = Util.norm(Config.options.dev.path(plugin))
-    end
-    if not Config.options.dev.fallback or vim.fn.isdirectory(dir_dev) == 1 then
-      dir = dir_dev
-    end
-  elseif plugin.dev == false then
-    -- explicitly select the default path
-    dir = Config.options.root .. "/" .. plugin.name
-  end
-
-  if type(plugin.config) == "table" then
-    self:warn(
-      "{" .. plugin.name .. "}: setting a table to `Plugin.config` is deprecated. Please use `Plugin.opts` instead"
-    )
-    ---@diagnostic disable-next-line: assign-type-mismatch
-    plugin.opts = plugin.config
-    plugin.config = nil
-  end
-
-  local fpid = M.fid_stack[#M.fid_stack]
-
-  M.last_fid = M.last_fid + 1
-  plugin._ = {
-    dir = dir,
-    fid = M.last_fid,
-    fpid = fpid,
-    dep = fpid ~= nil,
-    module = self.importing,
-  }
-  self.fragments[plugin._.fid] = plugin
-  -- remote plugin
-  plugin.dir = plugin._.dir or (plugin.name and (Config.options.root .. "/" .. plugin.name)) or nil
-
-  if fpid then
-    local parent = self.fragments[fpid]
-    parent._.fdeps = parent._.fdeps or {}
-    table.insert(parent._.fdeps, plugin._.fid)
-  end
-
-  if plugin.dependencies then
-    table.insert(M.fid_stack, plugin._.fid)
-    plugin.dependencies = self:normalize(plugin.dependencies, {})
-    table.remove(M.fid_stack)
-  end
+  ---@diagnostic disable-next-line: cast-type-mismatch
+  ---@cast plugin LazyPlugin
 
   -- import the plugin's spec
   if Config.options.pkg.enabled and plugin.dir and not self.pkgs[plugin.dir] then
     self.pkgs[plugin.dir] = true
     local pkg = Pkg.get_spec(plugin)
     if pkg then
-      self:normalize(pkg, nil)
+      self:normalize(pkg)
     end
   end
 
-  if self.plugins[plugin.name] then
-    plugin = self:merge(self.plugins[plugin.name], plugin)
-  end
-  self.plugins[plugin.name] = plugin
-  if results then
-    table.insert(results, plugin.name)
-  end
   return plugin
 end
 
@@ -199,166 +89,6 @@ function Spec:warn(msg)
   self:log(msg, vim.log.levels.WARN)
 end
 
---- Rebuilds a plugin spec excluding any removed fragments
----@param name? string
-function Spec:rebuild(name)
-  if not name then
-    for n, _ in pairs(self.dirty) do
-      self:rebuild(n)
-    end
-    self.dirty = {}
-  end
-  local plugin = self.plugins[name]
-  if not plugin then
-    return
-  end
-
-  local fragments = {} ---@type LazyPlugin[]
-
-  repeat
-    local super = plugin._.super
-    if self.fragments[plugin._.fid] then
-      plugin._.dep = plugin._.fpid ~= nil
-      plugin._.super = nil
-      if plugin._.fdeps then
-        plugin.dependencies = {}
-        for _, cid in ipairs(plugin._.fdeps) do
-          if self.fragments[cid] then
-            table.insert(plugin.dependencies, self.fragments[cid].name)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      setmetatable(plugin, nil)
-      table.insert(fragments, 1, plugin)
-    end
-    plugin = super
-  until not plugin
-
-  if #fragments == 0 then
-    self.plugins[name] = nil
-    return
-  end
-
-  plugin = fragments[1]
-  for i = 2, #fragments do
-    plugin = self:merge(plugin, fragments[i])
-  end
-  self.plugins[name] = plugin
-end
-
---- Recursively removes all fragments from a plugin spec or a given fragment
----@param id string|number Plugin name or fragment id
----@param opts {self: boolean}
-function Spec:remove_fragments(id, opts)
-  local fids = {} ---@type number[]
-
-  if type(id) == "number" then
-    fids[1] = id
-  else
-    local plugin = self.plugins[id]
-    repeat
-      if plugin._.fpid then
-        local parent = self.fragments[plugin._.fpid]
-        if parent then
-          parent._.fdeps = vim.tbl_filter(function(fid)
-            return fid ~= plugin._.fid
-          end, parent._.fdeps)
-          self.dirty[parent.name] = true
-        end
-      end
-      fids[#fids + 1] = plugin._.fid
-      plugin = plugin._.super
-    until not plugin
-  end
-
-  for _, fid in ipairs(fids) do
-    local fragment = self.fragments[fid]
-    if fragment then
-      for _, cid in ipairs(fragment._.fdeps or {}) do
-        self:remove_fragments(cid, { self = true })
-      end
-      if opts.self then
-        self.fragments[fid] = nil
-      end
-      self.dirty[fragment.name] = true
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-function Spec:fix_cond()
-  for _, plugin in pairs(self.plugins) do
-    local cond = plugin.cond
-    if cond == nil then
-      cond = Config.options.defaults.cond
-    end
-    if cond == false or (type(cond) == "function" and not cond(plugin)) then
-      plugin._.cond = false
-      local stack = { plugin }
-      while #stack > 0 do
-        local p = table.remove(stack)
-        if not self.ignore_installed[p.name] then
-          for _, dep in ipairs(p.dependencies or {}) do
-            table.insert(stack, self.plugins[dep])
-          end
-          self.ignore_installed[p.name] = true
-        end
-      end
-      plugin.enabled = false
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-function Spec:fix_optional()
-  if not self.optional then
-    ---@param plugin LazyPlugin
-    local function all_optional(plugin)
-      return (not plugin) or (rawget(plugin, "optional") and all_optional(plugin._.super))
-    end
-
-    -- handle optional plugins
-    for _, plugin in pairs(self.plugins) do
-      if plugin.optional and all_optional(plugin) then
-        -- remove all optional fragments
-        self:remove_fragments(plugin.name, { self = true })
-        self.plugins[plugin.name] = nil
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-function Spec:fix_disabled()
-  for _, plugin in pairs(self.plugins) do
-    if not plugin.name or not plugin.dir then
-      self:error("Plugin spec for **" .. plugin.name .. "** not found.\n```lua\n" .. vim.inspect(plugin) .. "\n```")
-      self.plugins[plugin.name] = nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  self:fix_optional()
-  self:rebuild()
-
-  self:fix_cond()
-  self:rebuild()
-
-  self.dirty = {}
-
-  for _, plugin in pairs(self.plugins) do
-    local disabled = plugin.enabled == false or (type(plugin.enabled) == "function" and not plugin.enabled())
-    if disabled then
-      plugin._.kind = "disabled"
-      -- remove all child fragments
-      self:remove_fragments(plugin.name, { self = false })
-      self.plugins[plugin.name] = nil
-      self.disabled[plugin.name] = plugin
-    end
-  end
-  self:rebuild()
-
-  -- check optional plugins again
-  self:fix_optional()
-  self:rebuild()
-end
-
 ---@param msg string
 ---@param level number
 function Spec:log(msg, level)
@@ -378,25 +108,17 @@ function Spec:report(level)
 end
 
 ---@param spec LazySpec|LazySpecImport
----@param results? string[]
-function Spec:normalize(spec, results)
+function Spec:normalize(spec)
   if type(spec) == "string" then
-    if not spec:find("/", 1, true) then
-      -- spec is a plugin name
-      if results then
-        table.insert(results, spec)
-      end
-    else
-      self:add({ spec }, results)
-    end
+    self:add({ spec })
   elseif #spec > 1 or Util.is_list(spec) then
     ---@cast spec LazySpec[]
     for _, s in ipairs(spec) do
-      self:normalize(s, results)
+      self:normalize(s)
     end
   elseif spec[1] or spec.dir or spec.url then
-    ---@cast spec LazyPlugin
-    local plugin = self:add(spec, results)
+    ---@cast spec LazyPluginSpec
+    local plugin = self:add(spec)
     ---@diagnostic disable-next-line: cast-type-mismatch
     ---@cast plugin LazySpecImport
     if plugin and plugin.import then
@@ -408,7 +130,6 @@ function Spec:normalize(spec, results)
   else
     self:error("Invalid plugin spec " .. vim.inspect(spec))
   end
-  return results
 end
 
 ---@param spec LazySpecImport
@@ -492,41 +213,6 @@ function Spec:import(spec)
   end
 end
 
----@param old LazyPlugin
----@param new LazyPlugin
----@return LazyPlugin
-function Spec:merge(old, new)
-  new._.dep = old._.dep and new._.dep
-
-  if new.url and old.url and new.url ~= old.url then
-    self:warn("Two plugins with the same name and different url:\n" .. vim.inspect({ old = old, new = new }))
-  end
-
-  if new.dependencies and old.dependencies then
-    Util.extend(new.dependencies, old.dependencies)
-  end
-
-  local new_dir = new._.dir or old._.dir or (new.name and (Config.options.root .. "/" .. new.name)) or nil
-  if new_dir ~= old.dir then
-    local msg = "Plugin `" .. new.name .. "` changed `dir`:\n- from: `" .. old.dir .. "`\n- to: `" .. new_dir .. "`"
-    if new._.rtp_loaded or old._.rtp_loaded then
-      msg = msg
-        .. "\n\nThis plugin was already partially loaded, so we did not change it's `dir`.\nPlease fix your config."
-      self:error(msg)
-      new_dir = old.dir
-    else
-      self:warn(msg)
-    end
-  end
-  new.dir = new_dir
-  new._.rtp_loaded = new._.rtp_loaded or old._.rtp_loaded
-
-  new._.super = old
-  setmetatable(new, { __index = old })
-
-  return new
-end
-
 function M.update_state()
   ---@type string[]
   local cloning = {}
@@ -631,6 +317,7 @@ function M.load()
   Config.spec = Spec.new()
 
   local specs = {
+    ---@diagnostic disable-next-line: param-type-mismatch
     vim.deepcopy(Config.options.spec),
   }
   specs[#specs + 1] = M.find_local_spec()
@@ -655,10 +342,10 @@ function M.load()
   for name, plugin in pairs(existing) do
     if Config.plugins[name] then
       local dep = Config.plugins[name]._.dep
-      local super = Config.plugins[name]._.super
+      local frags = Config.plugins[name]._.frags
       Config.plugins[name]._ = plugin._
       Config.plugins[name]._.dep = dep
-      Config.plugins[name]._.super = super
+      Config.plugins[name]._.frags = frags
     end
   end
   Util.track()
@@ -725,8 +412,9 @@ function M._values(root, plugin, prop, is_list)
   if not plugin[prop] then
     return {}
   end
+  local super = getmetatable(plugin)
   ---@type table
-  local ret = plugin._.super and M._values(root, plugin._.super, prop, is_list) or {}
+  local ret = super and M._values(root, super.__index, prop, is_list) or {}
   local values = rawget(plugin, prop)
 
   if not values then
@@ -742,6 +430,7 @@ function M._values(root, plugin, prop, is_list)
   else
     ---@type {path:string[], list:any[]}[]
     local lists = {}
+    ---@diagnostic disable-next-line: no-unknown
     for _, key in ipairs(plugin[prop .. "_extend"] or {}) do
       local path = vim.split(key, ".", { plain = true })
       local r = Util.key_get(ret, path)
diff --git a/lua/lazy/core/util.lua b/lua/lazy/core/util.lua
index f72ab21..d4fa47c 100644
--- a/lua/lazy/core/util.lua
+++ b/lua/lazy/core/util.lua
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ function M.pretty_trace(opts)
 end
 
 ---@generic R
----@param fn fun():R
+---@param fn fun():R?
 ---@param opts? string|{msg:string, on_error:fun(msg)}
 ---@return R
 function M.try(fn, opts)
diff --git a/lua/lazy/health.lua b/lua/lazy/health.lua
index 7b06f1d..6202de6 100644
--- a/lua/lazy/health.lua
+++ b/lua/lazy/health.lua
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ function M.check()
   else
     for _, plugin in pairs(spec.plugins) do
       M.check_valid(plugin)
-      M.check_override(plugin)
     end
     if #spec.notifs > 0 then
       error("Issues were reported when loading your specs:")
@@ -88,23 +87,6 @@ function M.check_valid(plugin)
   end
 end
 
----@param plugin LazyPlugin
-function M.check_override(plugin)
-  if not plugin._.super then
-    return
-  end
-
-  local Handler = require("lazy.core.handler")
-  local skip = { "dependencies", "_", "opts", 1 }
-  vim.list_extend(skip, vim.tbl_values(Handler.types))
-
-  for key, value in pairs(plugin._.super) do
-    if not vim.tbl_contains(skip, key) and plugin[key] and plugin[key] ~= value then
-      warn("{" .. plugin.name .. "}: overriding <" .. key .. ">")
-    end
-  end
-end
-
 M.valid = {
   1,
   "_",
diff --git a/lua/lazy/types.lua b/lua/lazy/types.lua
index 831327e..dabfa58 100644
--- a/lua/lazy/types.lua
+++ b/lua/lazy/types.lua
@@ -2,30 +2,26 @@
 ---@alias LazyPluginKind "normal"|"clean"|"disabled"
 
 ---@class LazyPluginState
----@field fid number id of the plugin spec fragment
----@field fpid? number parent id of the plugin spec fragment
----@field fdeps? number[] children ids of the fragment
----@field loaded? {[string]:string}|{time:number}
----@field installed? boolean
----@field tasks? LazyTask[]
----@field working? boolean
----@field dirty? boolean
----@field updated? {from:string, to:string}
----@field is_local? boolean
----@field updates? {from:GitInfo, to:GitInfo}
----@field cloned? boolean
----@field outdated? boolean
----@field kind? LazyPluginKind
----@field dep? boolean True if this plugin is only in the spec as a dependency
----@field cond? boolean
----@field super? LazyPlugin
----@field module? string
----@field dir? string Explicit dir or dev set for this plugin
----@field rtp_loaded? boolean
----@field handlers? LazyPluginHandlers
 ---@field cache? table<string,any>
+---@field cloned? boolean
+---@field cond? boolean
+---@field dep? boolean True if this plugin is only in the spec as a dependency
+---@field dir? string Explicit dir or dev set for this plugin
+---@field dirty? boolean
+---@field frags? number[]
+---@field handlers? LazyPluginHandlers
+---@field installed? boolean
+---@field is_local? boolean
+---@field kind? LazyPluginKind
+---@field loaded? {[string]:string}|{time:number}
+---@field outdated? boolean
 ---@field rocks? LazyRock[]
 ---@field rocks_installed? boolean
+---@field rtp_loaded? boolean
+---@field tasks? LazyTask[]
+---@field updated? {from:string, to:string}
+---@field updates? {from:GitInfo, to:GitInfo}
+---@field working? boolean
 
 ---@alias PluginOpts table|fun(self:LazyPlugin, opts:table):table?
 
@@ -66,6 +62,7 @@
 
 ---@class LazyPlugin: LazyPluginBase,LazyPluginHandlers,LazyPluginHooks,LazyPluginRef
 ---@field dependencies? string[]
+---@field specs? string|string[]|LazyPluginSpec[]
 ---@field _ LazyPluginState
 
 ---@class LazyPluginSpecHandlers
@@ -77,6 +74,7 @@
 
 ---@class LazyPluginSpec: LazyPluginBase,LazyPluginSpecHandlers,LazyPluginHooks,LazyPluginRef
 ---@field dependencies? string|string[]|LazyPluginSpec[]
+---@field specs? string|string[]|LazyPluginSpec[]
 
 ---@alias LazySpec string|LazyPluginSpec|LazySpecImport|LazySpec[]
 
@@ -85,3 +83,14 @@
 ---@field name? string
 ---@field enabled? boolean|(fun():boolean)
 ---@field cond? boolean|(fun():boolean)
+
+---@class LazyFragment
+---@field id number
+---@field pid? number
+---@field deps? number[]
+---@field frags? number[]
+---@field dep? boolean
+---@field name string
+---@field url? string
+---@field dir? string
+---@field spec LazyPlugin
diff --git a/tests/core/plugin_spec.lua b/tests/core/plugin_spec.lua
index 548b5f5..4a09bb9 100644
--- a/tests/core/plugin_spec.lua
+++ b/tests/core/plugin_spec.lua
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ local assert = require("luassert")
 
 Config.setup()
 
+local function inspect(obj)
+  return vim.inspect(obj):gsub("%s+", " ")
+end
+
 ---@param plugins LazyPlugin[]|LazyPlugin
 local function clean(plugins)
   local p = plugins
@@ -14,6 +18,7 @@ local function clean(plugins)
     plugin._.fid = nil
     plugin._.fpid = nil
     plugin._.fdeps = nil
+    plugin._.frags = nil
     if plugin._.dep == false then
       plugin._.dep = nil
     end
@@ -28,7 +33,7 @@ describe("plugin spec url/name", function()
     { { "foo/bar" }, { [1] = "foo/bar", name = "bar", url = "https://github.com/foo/bar.git" } },
     { { "https://foo.bar" }, { [1] = "https://foo.bar", name = "foo.bar", url = "https://foo.bar" } },
     { { "foo/bar", name = "foobar" }, { [1] = "foo/bar", name = "foobar", url = "https://github.com/foo/bar.git" } },
-    { { "foo/bar", url = "123" }, { [1] = "foo/bar", name = "123", url = "123" } },
+    { { "foo/bar", url = "123" }, { [1] = "foo/bar", name = "bar", url = "123" } },
     { { url = "https://foobar" }, { name = "foobar", url = "https://foobar" } },
     {
       { { url = "https://foo", name = "foobar" }, { url = "https://foo" } },
@@ -45,18 +50,22 @@ describe("plugin spec url/name", function()
 
   for _, test in ipairs(tests) do
     test[2]._ = {}
-    it("parses " .. vim.inspect(test[1]):gsub("%s+", " "), function()
+    it("parses " .. inspect(test[1]), function()
       if not test[2].dir then
         test[2].dir = Config.options.root .. "/" .. test[2].name
       end
       local spec = Plugin.Spec.new(test[1])
-      local plugins = vim.tbl_values(spec.plugins)
-      plugins[1]._ = {}
+      local all = vim.deepcopy(spec.plugins)
+      local plugins = vim.tbl_values(all)
+      plugins = vim.tbl_map(function(plugin)
+        plugin._ = {}
+        return plugin
+      end, plugins)
       local notifs = vim.tbl_filter(function(notif)
         return notif.level > 3
       end, spec.notifs)
       assert(#notifs == 0, vim.inspect(spec.notifs))
-      assert.equal(1, #plugins)
+      assert.equal(1, #plugins, vim.inspect(all))
       plugins[1]._.super = nil
       assert.same(test[2], plugins[1])
     end)
@@ -90,7 +99,40 @@ describe("plugin spec dir", function()
   for _, test in ipairs(tests) do
     local dir = vim.fn.expand(test[1])
     local input = vim.list_slice(test, 2)
-    it("parses dir " .. vim.inspect(input):gsub("%s+", " "), function()
+    it("parses dir " .. inspect(input), function()
+      local spec = Plugin.Spec.new(input)
+      local plugins = vim.tbl_values(spec.plugins)
+      assert(spec:report() == 0)
+      assert.equal(1, #plugins)
+      assert.same(dir, plugins[1].dir)
+    end)
+  end
+end)
+
+describe("plugin dev", function()
+  local tests = {
+    {
+      { "lewis6991/gitsigns.nvim", opts = {}, dev = true },
+      { "lewis6991/gitsigns.nvim" },
+    },
+    {
+      { "lewis6991/gitsigns.nvim", opts = {}, dev = true },
+      { "gitsigns.nvim" },
+    },
+    {
+      { "lewis6991/gitsigns.nvim", opts = {} },
+      { "lewis6991/gitsigns.nvim", dev = true },
+    },
+    {
+      { "lewis6991/gitsigns.nvim", opts = {} },
+      { "gitsigns.nvim", dev = true },
+    },
+  }
+
+  for _, test in ipairs(tests) do
+    local dir = vim.fn.expand("~/projects/gitsigns.nvim")
+    local input = test
+    it("parses dir " .. inspect(input), function()
       local spec = Plugin.Spec.new(input)
       local plugins = vim.tbl_values(spec.plugins)
       assert(spec:report() == 0)
@@ -126,7 +168,7 @@ describe("plugin spec opt", function()
       for _, plugin in pairs(spec.plugins) do
         plugin.dir = nil
       end
-      assert.same(clean(spec.plugins), {
+      assert.same({
         bar = {
           "foo/bar",
           _ = {},
@@ -150,7 +192,7 @@ describe("plugin spec opt", function()
           name = "dep2",
           url = "https://github.com/foo/dep2.git",
         },
-      })
+      }, clean(spec.plugins))
     end
   end)
 
@@ -369,45 +411,45 @@ describe("plugin spec opt", function()
 end)
 
 describe("plugin opts", function()
-  it("correctly parses opts", function()
-    ---@type {spec:LazySpec, opts:table}[]
-    local tests = {
-      {
-        spec = { { "foo/foo", opts = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo", opts = { a = 2 } } },
-        opts = { a = 2, b = 1 },
-      },
-      {
-        spec = { { "foo/foo", config = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo", opts = { a = 2 } } },
-        opts = { a = 2, b = 1 },
-      },
-      {
-        spec = { { "foo/foo", opts = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo", config = { a = 2 } } },
-        opts = { a = 2, b = 1 },
-      },
-      {
-        spec = { { "foo/foo", config = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo", config = { a = 2 } } },
-        opts = { a = 2, b = 1 },
-      },
-      {
-        spec = { { "foo/foo", config = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo", config = { a = vim.NIL } } },
-        opts = { b = 1 },
-      },
-      {
-        spec = { { "foo/foo", config = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo" } },
-        opts = { a = 1, b = 1 },
-      },
-      {
-        spec = { { "foo/foo" }, { "foo/foo" } },
-        opts = {},
-      },
-    }
+  ---@type {spec:LazySpec, opts:table}[]
+  local tests = {
+    {
+      spec = { { "foo/foo", opts = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo", opts = { a = 2 } } },
+      opts = { a = 2, b = 1 },
+    },
+    {
+      spec = { { "foo/foo", config = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo", opts = { a = 2 } } },
+      opts = { a = 2, b = 1 },
+    },
+    {
+      spec = { { "foo/foo", opts = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo", config = { a = 2 } } },
+      opts = { a = 2, b = 1 },
+    },
+    {
+      spec = { { "foo/foo", config = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo", config = { a = 2 } } },
+      opts = { a = 2, b = 1 },
+    },
+    {
+      spec = { { "foo/foo", config = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo", config = { a = vim.NIL } } },
+      opts = { b = 1 },
+    },
+    {
+      spec = { { "foo/foo", config = { a = 1, b = 1 } }, { "foo/foo" } },
+      opts = { a = 1, b = 1 },
+    },
+    {
+      spec = { { "foo/foo" }, { "foo/foo" } },
+      opts = {},
+    },
+  }
 
-    for _, test in ipairs(tests) do
+  for _, test in ipairs(tests) do
+    it("correctly parses opts for " .. inspect(test.spec), function()
       local spec = Plugin.Spec.new(test.spec)
       assert(spec.plugins.foo)
       assert.same(test.opts, Plugin.values(spec.plugins.foo, "opts"))
-    end
-  end)
+    end)
+  end
 end)
 
 describe("plugin spec", function()
diff --git a/tests/handlers/keys_spec.lua b/tests/handlers/keys_spec.lua
index 6254db8..d6a9df4 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/keys_spec.lua
+++ b/tests/handlers/keys_spec.lua
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+---@module 'luassert'
 local Keys = require("lazy.core.handler.keys")
 
 describe("keys", function()